December 22, 1894. 
THE GARDENING WORLD. 
259 
JAMES VEITCH & SONS 
REG TO ANNOUNCE THAT THEIR 
SEED CATALOGUE 
Is now Ready, and may be had Post Free on Application. 
ROYAL EXOTIC NURSERY, CHELSEA, LONDON, S.W. 
STERLING NOVELTIES FOR 1 
Our own introductions, now offered for first time. 
PRIMULA SINENSIS FIMBR1ATA 
“SNOWBALL” (New). 
THE NEW GIANT STRAIN. Per Packet, 5s. 
TOMATO,WARDEN PARKFAVOURITE(NEW). 
Per Packet , is. 6 d. 
B. S. WILLIAMS & SON, 
Victoria & Paradise Nurseries, 
UPPER HOLLOWAY, LONDON, N. 
Hardy Ornamental Flowering Trees and Shrubs, by 
A. D. Webster. A valuable guide to planters of beautiful 
trees and shrubs for the adornment of parks and gardens. 
Price, 3s ; post free, 3s. 3d. Publisher, Gardening World, 
1, Clement’s Inn, Strand, London, W.C. 
For Index to Contents see page 270. 
1 Gardening is the purest of human pleasures, and tho greatest 
refreshment to the spirit of man.”— Bacon. 
SPECIAL CULTURE 
OF 
FRUIT TREES & ROSES. f fo farina iM* 
A Large and Select Stock is now offered for Sale. 
The Illustrated and Descriptive Catalogue of Fruits post free 
The Descriptive Catalogue of Roses post free. 
THOMAS RIVERS & SON, 
The Nurseries, SA WBRIDGEWORTH, Herts. 
CHRYSANTHEMUMS 
NORMAN DAYIS has much pleasure 
in announcing that his new Catalogue of 
Chrysanthemums is now ready, and can 
be had free by post. This Catalogue is 
issued simply as a guide, such as a Cata¬ 
logue should be, and will be found com¬ 
prehensive and useful. You are welcome to 
a copy, even if not a purchaser. 
NORMAN DAYIS, 
Chrysanthemum Nurseries, 
LILFORD ROAD, CAMBERWELL, LONDON, 8.E. 
Edited by BRIAN WYNNE, F.R.H.S. 
SATURDAY , DECEMBER 22 nd, 1894 . 
FOR PLEASURE AND PROFIT 
NOTHING SO PROFITABLE 
AND EASY TO GROW. 
Eighty Acres in Stock. 
BEST PROCURABLE. 
Joists Free . 
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS 
Bushes in variety. Packing and 
Carriage Free, for cash with order. 
8 s* perdoz., GOs.perlOO. 
A11 other Nursery Stock 
carriage forward . 
From 15 /- a doz. 
Ornamental Trees, 91 Acres. 
Four Acres of Glass. 
Clematis (80,000) from 15/— 
per doz. 
N.B. — Single Plants are sold at 
slightly ir.creasedprices. 
GENERAL CATALOGUE 
(164 pages) of Nursery Stock, 
artistically produced, containing 
some hundreds of illustrations, 
and full of valuable information, 
sent free. 
RICHARD SMITH &C°WORCESTER 
ROSISinPOTS 
if. 
1 
HfFFECT OF SPRAYING WITH FUNGICIDES ON 
Vj '" Fruit Trees.— Pears, Plums, and 
Cherries in the United States are affected 
with fungoid diseases termed leaf blights, 
and Apples are subject to another termed 
powdery mildew. Even in the nurseries 
where the young stock is raised these 
destructive fungi are productive of serious 
consequences, by destroying the foliage of 
the trees, thereby stunting and injuring 
their growth. The professors of the Division 
of Vegetable Pathology, of the U.S. Depart¬ 
ment of Agriculture, undertook a series of 
experiments with the view of testing the 
effect of repeated applications of fungicides 
upon the growth of the trees. These ex¬ 
periments were carried on for a space of 
two years, till the trees were considered to 
have attained a saleable condition. During 
this time the Apple trees were unusually 
free from mildew, and did not show suffi¬ 
ciently appreciable effects to warrant any 
calculations being made as to the benefits 
derived from spraying; so that attention 
was chiefly centred upon the Pear, Cherry, 
and Plum trees. Two kinds of stocks were 
used on which to bud Pears—namely, 
Japanese and French seedling Pears, which 
were planted alternately even in the same 
rows so that they might be subjected to the 
same cultural conditions in similar soils. 
Plots of trees were set apart to be sprayed 
with fungicides, while others were left to 
their own resources without treatment, by 
way of control and comparison with the 
treated ones. The stocks were tieated 
during the summer previous to their being 
budded, but, whether they received treat¬ 
ment or not, the Japan Pear stocks showed 
their superiority in vigour over the French 
ones. 
The fungicides employed were Bordeaux 
mixture, ammoniacal solution and potas¬ 
sium sulphide solution. The first-named 
consisted of 6 lb. of copper sulphate, 4 lb. 
of lime, and 22 gallons of water, and proved 
by far the most effective as well as most 
beneficial to the healthy development of 
the trees. The second was an ammoniacal 
solution of copper carbonate consisting of 
one quart of ammonia, to 3 oz. of copper 
carbonate, diluted with 30 gallons of water. 
The growth of Pears, Cherries, and Plums, 
but particularly of the first two, was 
materially increased by the use of the 
Bordeaux mixture, as shown by the weight 
and height, as well as the girth of the trees 
and the number of branches. The foliage 
was not injured in the slightest. Here, as 
in other cases, five, six, and seven applica¬ 
tions of the fungicides were given during 
the course of each of the two years ; only 
in the case of one variety of Pears did the 
French stocks show an advantage over 
the Japan roots. Independently of its 
merits as a fungicide and insecticide, the 
Bordeaux mixture seems to act in some 
way as a fertiliser, or something similar, 
which has not as yet been explained. The 
plots that received seven applications 
showed better results in some cases than 
those which were treated only five times. 
The untreated Pear, Cherry, and Plum 
trees were dwarfer, thinner in the stem, 
and had to a greater or less extent lost 
their foliage through the effects of fungi. 
Those which were sprayed with the 
ammoniacal solution were slightly better, 
but the fungicide generally produced an 
injurious effect upon the foliage independ¬ 
ently of the fungi, so that the Bordeaux 
mixture is to be preferred. During the 
course of the first and second summer, the 
cost of treating 1,000 trees did not exceed 
6Id. ; but owing to the greater size of the 
trees during the third summer, the 
cost was 2s. 6|-d. to 2s. gd. per 1,000, making 
a total cost of 3s. 6Jd. to 4s. 2d, till the 
trees were two years old, and fit to sell. 
Advantages and amenities of spray- 
ing. —It is occasionally asked whether 
the frequent spraying of trees with fungi¬ 
cides or insecticides would not exercise an 
injurious effect upon the soil, and the plants 
in it, as well as exercising an unwhole¬ 
some effect upon the fruit of the trees. It 
has been repeatedly shown by chemical 
analysis that the fruit of properly sprayed 
trees and vines is perfectly harmless even 
when eaten in quantity. As to the trees 
themselves it has been amply demonstrated 
that five to seven applications of the 
Bordeaux mixture to nursery stock of fruit 
trees, not only check the ravages of fungi, 
but exercise a distinctly beneficial effect 
upon the healthy vigour of the trees. This 
mu;t increase the marketable value of the 
trees, and in the experiments above recorded 
the enhanced value of 1,000 Pear or Cherry 
trees was £2 14s. 2d. on an average, while 
in some cases the increased profit rose to 
£& 6s. 8d. The ravages of fungi and 
blights are not usually ;o important in this 
country as to necessitate systematic spray¬ 
ing but insects often enough prove harmful, 
and might be subdued in the case of man- 
dibulate species by means of the Bordeaux 
mixture, Palis Green, or London Purple. 
These operations would prove more 
serviceable in the case of fruit-bearing trees 
in gardens and orchards. Here the 
Bordeaux mixture would also act as a 
fertiliser, independently of its properties 
as a fungicide or insecticide. Whatever 
its influence upon the functions of certain 
plants, it has been determined that it 
increases the quantity of sugar in grapes 
that have been sprayed for mildew, and in 
Beet that has been treated to stay the 
ravages of a Peronospora. Paris Green 
and London Purple can be rendered harm¬ 
less to foliage by the addition of a little 
lime to the solution, and if they have no 
distinct fertifising effect upon the trees, the 
