6 
APPLE AND ORCHARD ATTACKS. 
The following Observations refer to Attacks of Moth-caterpillar. 
Of these the most important kind, of which samples were sent me, were 
caterpillars of the Winter Moth (Cheimatobia brumata) ; the Mottled 
Umber Moth (Hybernia defoliaria) ; the Lackey Moth (Clisiocampa 
neustria) ; Small Ermine Moths (Yponomeuta padella, and joossibly 
Y. malivorella) ; and the Figure-of-8 Moth (Diloba cseruleocephala); 
though several other kinds were present. 
Tbe observations immediately following refer chiefly to injury 
from caterpillars of tbe Winter Motb, or Evesham Moth, as it is 
sometimes called in tbe West of England; and where other kinds 
were also present, tbe reader is referred to tbe full description of these, 
for which consult Index. 
Winter Moth; Evesham Moth. Cheimatobia brumata, L. 
(Figured p. 1). 
Amongst the moth-caterpillars which have done most harm to 
Apple, as well as other fruit-trees, during the past season, those of the 
Winter Moth, the Cheimatobia brumata, stand first. These caterpillars 
vary a good deal in colour, and also change in appearance after 
moulting. When hatched they are greyish, afterwards of a yellowish 
green, faintly striped with white along the back, and with dark head 
and mark on the neck. Afterwards the dark colour is thrown off, the 
green is of a clearer tint, and the white stripes plainer, and after the 
last moult the caterpillars are of a yellower green, with a light brown 
shining head. A stripe of darker colour down the back is probably 
(or, at least, in part) from the food showing through the skin. When 
full-grown they are about an inch long. For general purposes they 
may be known by their greenish colour, and also by forming an 
upright loop when walking. When full-fed they let themselves down 
by a thread to the ground, and go into chrysalis-state a little below 
the surface, from which the moths begin to come out about the end of 
October. The moths are of the size and shape figured at p. 1, and of 
a greyish colour. The fact of the female having only abortive wings is 
important to be observed, as on this turns the best means of pre¬ 
vention. 
With regard to amount of appearance of these serious orchard- 
pests during the last season, Dr. J. A. Chapman wrote me, on June 
18th, from Hereford, as follows :—“ This spring the larva of C. brumata 
has been vastly more abundant than usual, doing much damage, 
especially to Apple-trees, which are in some instances quite defoliated, 
and the chance of a crop nearly destroyed. The dry winter has been 
very favourable to this moth, and to others of allied habits. Curiously, 
