14 
APPLE AND ORCHARD ATTACKS. 
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yellow-green below, with a small bluish head, and with three yellow 
stripes along the body, one along the back, and one on each side below 
the spiracles. The segment or rings of the caterpillar are spotted 
with black (see figure), the one immediately behind the head has eight 
small spots arranged (on the upper part) in a double transverse row, 
and the two segments immediately behind have one row of larger 
spots similarly placed. The following segments (till near the tail) 
have four spots above. The three pairs of claw-feet are also spotted 
with black, and the four pairs of sucker-feet beneath the body have 
two black spots on each. The caterpillars feed on various kinds of 
orchard-trees, especially Apple and Plum, and also on Whitethorn. 
When full-fed they spin cocoons formed of bits of bark, or apparently 
anything that may be convenient,—on twigs or stems, or even on 
neighbouring walls,—in which the caterpillar turns to a reddish-brown 
chrysalis, out of which the moth emerges about September, or possibly 
later on, in some cases not until the following spring. This is of the 
size and appearance figured ; the fore wings are of a brownish ground 
colour, with, amongst other markings, two white spots bearing a 
resemblance to a figure of 8, whence the moth takes its common 
name. The eggs are green, and laid singly on the stems or branches 
of the trees. 
Prevention and Remedy. 
It is noted by Dr. Taschenberg that the caterpillars have such 
slight hold that in case of a storm occurring they fall off in great 
numbers. This fact of their loose hold may be very serviceably turned 
to account by shaking the trees well, and collecting and destroying the 
caterpillars that drop to the ground. 
Amongst measures of prevention, scraping and cleaning the bark 
of the trees and branches would be serviceable here as with various 
other insect-attacks, as thus some at least of the cocoons which the 
blue-headed caterpillars form on the trees would be got rid of. 
Mottled Umber Moth. Hybernia defoliaria, Linn. 
Hybernia defoliaria. 9 
The Mottled Umber Moth ; male, female, and caterpillar. 
