18 
CODLIN MOTH. 
until nothing but the rough mowing, locally known as skirming, 
could be brought to bear on the disorder, and clear away what was not 
in those days suspected of harbouring presence that would lessen 
returns of orchard-crop. 
To what extent birds should be encouraged is a matter for the 
consideration of the orchard-grower. I fully believe that some of the 
mainly insectivorous kinds will give help by clearing out eggs and 
small grubs from nooks which can be got at in no other way, and that 
these should to all reasonable extent be preserved ; but by no means 
encouraged to such an overwhelming extent that they demolish the 
very crops they were meant to protect. 
In the above notes I have endeavoured, as well as I have been able, 
to enter on the main points for consideration in orchard-attacks, 
excepting those of effect of dry dustings, or of washings, neither of 
which, as far as I know, were much tried for the caterpillar-attacks 
now under consideration. I wish also to add that, as in the course of 
last season’s observations I found much difficulty in identifying speci¬ 
mens sent me from descriptions only (which often vary considerably 
from the writers’ different views of colour, and other circumstances), 
that I have now procured type-specimens, properly prepared, and 
showing variations in colouring, of such injurious moth-caterpillars as 
may ordinarily be expected to occur, which, in case of recurrence of 
attack next year, will prove serviceable in identification. 
Note. —As the attack of the Codlin Moth, Carpocapsa pomonella, was not reported 
to me last year, I merely add a short note regarding it, with figure of injured Apple. 
The caterpillars feed within the growing Apples, which consequently fall before 
they are ripe, and the caterpillars shortly afterwards leave the Apples, and either 
return to the tree to shelter themselves in the bark, to turn to chrysalids, or go down 
into the ground for the same purpose. For this attack, therefore, cleansing and 
scraping the bark, and syringing soft soap into the crannies, likewise stirring the 
soil round the tree, or poisoning it by sheep treading, are useful means of prevention. 
Also the fallen Apples should be collected and carried away very soon,—if possible 
every morning,—and used or destroyed, so that the caterpillars cannot get back to 
the trees. 
Apple injured by Caterpillars of Codlin Moth. 
