116 
OX WARBLE PLY. 
sometimes death of the beasts, loss of milk, injury to produce in 
the herd, and loss of flesh in the fatting beasts. All this falls on 
the cattle owner, but also there is enormous loss running through all 
classes concerned on the warbled hides. 
This strikes first, of course, where the Warbles are first observed : 
it may come, like the rest, on the cattle owner or farmer ; or it may 
come on the butcher or tanner; or further on it comes on the many 
trades in which leather, discovered after purchase to be pierced, is 
useless for its purpose,—a loss to the manufacturer; or a loss, or even 
a danger, to the wearer or user. 
Muscles of maggot, much Prickles of maggot, much 
magnified. magnified. 
The following notes give amounts or approximate estimates of number 
of hides passing through various markets (specified) in the course of one 
year; also amounts or approximate estimates of the proportion warbled 
and loss thereon. 
The first I was favoured with was from Newcastle-on-Tyne :— 
“ Last year (ending May, 1888) 102,877 hides passed through our 
markets, and of these we estimate that 60,000 were more or less 
warbled. Taking an average of five shillings each, which is rather 
under than over the mark, this gives a loss of £15,000 on our New¬ 
castle hides from this cause for the year.” — J. McGillivray, Secretary, 
Newcastle-on-Tyne Hide Inspection Society. 
“ Warbles begin to show in March and continue until October. 
Out of 35,000 hides passing through this market within this 
period, I should say that one-fourth, or say 8500, would be more 
or less warbled, and I should estimate the money loss at from £1500 
to £2000.”—W. B. Welbourn, Secretary, Nottingham Hide, Skin and 
Fat Market Co., Limited. 
“ Number of hides passing through our market in one year, about 
80,000. Number of these that are warbled, fully one-third, or 
10,000. Loss on these warbled hides, at least three shillings per 
hide, or a total loss of £1500 per annum. We believe the above to 
