66 
ORCHARD INSECTS. 
were poured into a watering-pot containing the kerosene, and churned 
with a garden-syringe until the emulsion was complete. This generally 
takes about five minutes, but sometimes longer. When this emulsion 
is made, it can be bottled up for future use. When using it, either as 
a wash for sponging trees or for spraying, it must be diluted with nine 
times the quantity of water. Should the oil in the emulsion after a 
time separate, it is well to warm it, and by violently shaking the 
bottle it will again become fit for use. In diluting the emulsion use 
warm water. See p. 14 of ‘ Report of Entomologist and Botanist, 
Department of Agriculture, Canada,’ 1887. 
The following recipe is one of the Department of Agriculture of the 
United States of America. In this the plan is to add one gallon of 
water in which a quarter of a pound of soft-soap (or any other coarse 
soap preferred) has been dissolved, boiling or hot, to two gallons of 
petroleum or other mineral oil. The mixture is then churned, as it 
were, together by means of a spray-nozzled syringe or double-action 
pump for ten minutes, by means of which the oil, soap, and water are 
so thoroughly combined that the mixture settles down into a cream¬ 
like consistency, and does not, if the operation has been properly 
performed, separate again. This is used diluted with some three or 
four times its bulk of water for a watering; if required for a wash, at 
least nine times its bulk is needed—that is, three gallons of 
“Emulsion,” as it is termed, make thirty gallons of wash. Warning 
is given that care must be taken with each new crop to ascertain the 
strength that can be borne by the leafage, and this equally applies to 
all applications to live bark. 
Soft-soap and paraffin-oil wash.—The following recipe, which was 
used by Mr. Ward, Superintendent of the Gardens at Stoke Edith, 
Herefordshire, in 1883, as a Hop-wash, is a much simpler form. As 
this was found to kill the Aphides without injuring the Hop-plant or 
the burr, it might be considered quite safe as a bark-application, and 
more of the ingredients might be added, as thought desirable. The 
proportions for large quantities are 12 lbs. of soft-soap and lialf-a-gallon 
of paraffin-oil to 100 gallons of hot water; the nearer to boiling the 
water is used the better the paraffin mixes. The mixture should be 
stirred well together, and used when cool. 
The above applications may be used so as to destroy the eggs laid 
on the bands or below them, and, without doubt, would also be of use 
in preventing ascent of much insect vermin ; but there are two plain 
reasons for possibility of some amount of “Loopers” being present in 
spring on the trees, notwithstanding careful autumnal banding. One 
of these is that some of the Winter Moths may develop in spring 
instead of autumn, and consequently, though few in comparison to the f 
autumn numbers, they need watch to be kept by an examination of 
