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warblJes. 
exceed 100,000 in tlie year, and in two instances amounted respectively 
to about 180,000 per year, and to near on 150,000. 
“At one market, where 80,000 were sold in one year, one-third of 
these—that is, 10,000—hides were warbled; the reduction in value 
(estimated at an average of 3s. per hide) giving a total loss of £1500— 
this estimate being given as under rather than over the mark. 
“ The estimates of loss per hide at the markets vary from about 
2s. 6d. to 5s., or sometimes over that sum per warbled hide, and the 
average weight of hide from which the calculations, or estimates, are 
made is (where mentioned) about 65 lb. 
“ The exact proportion of warbled hides is difficult to ascertain, 
excepting at markets where hides so injured are classed by themselves, 
but these are given in some cases, and by calculation or estimate the 
loss at various of the above markets on warbled hides runs in the year 
reported (or during the four or five months specially known as the 
Warble months) to sums of respectively £1400; £1500 to £2000; 
£1800; £2800 ; and at one of the chief hide centres, where there is 
careful attention paid to inspection, the loss in the year reported was 
£15,000. In the return from one town where the amount of cattle 
slaughtered per week is 700, the proportion of warbled hides during 
summer and autumn is fully one-third, and the average loss on these 
is calculated at not less than 5s. per hide.” * 
With regard to direct loss in value of the carcase of the animal by beef 
being what is called “licked." — In some able observations with which 
I have lately been favoured by Mr. John Child, Managing Secretary of 
the Leeds and District Hide, &c., Company, as to details requisite for 
forming estimate of our British loss in the aggregate from Warble- 
attack, he mentions :—“ The greatest loss on the worst carcases of beef 
I ever saw, taking a number together, would not be less than £1 per 
carcase, or 6d. per stone; of course there are some exceptional cases 
worse than these, but they are rare—in fact so rare that they should 
not come within your calculations.” 
“ I think I am right in saying that the depreciation in the value of 
licked carcases of beef are from 6d. per stone down to Id. per stone, 
and as the highest figure named comes in fewest number, the average 
figure for reduction in value should not be taken at more than 2 d. per 
stone. Take the average weight of cattle affected by ‘ lick ’ and 
‘ Warble ’ at forty stone, we have thus a loss on the carcase of 
6s. 8d." —J. C. 
This estimate of our scale of loss or lessened value on this one item 
appears to run lower than that in America. The above estimate at 
Id. to 6d. per stone equalling 8s. 4 d. to 20s. per carcase at average 
* From Annual Report for 1889 of Consulting Entomologist. Part 1 of New 
Series of ‘Journal of Royal Agricultural Society of England,’ March, 1890. 
