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APPENDIX. 
SHOT-BORER BEETLES. Xyleborus clispar, Fab. 
(Continued from p. 98.) 
After the preceding paper on the Shot-borer Beetle was in type, 
I had the opportunity of studying the very serviceable information 
given by Herr W. Eichlioff, Imp. High Forester, in Mulilhausen, Alsace, 
from his own personal observations in his work on ‘ European Bark- 
beetles.’ From this I quote below some passages of very practical use 
regarding the locality and food-material of the maggots, and also some 
practicable methods of prevention, which can be used on a broad scale 
with little expense, and which (as the plan has been found to answer 
excellently in checking the attacks of other wood- or bark-beetles), it 
might be hoped, would do equal good in the case of Shot-borer attack. 
In the following observation it will be seen that Herr Eichlioff 
confirms the observations of those who consider the maggots feed in 
the “ mother-galleries,” that is, the borings made by the female beetle, 
and he also notes the food of these maggots to be partly-coagulated 
sap, and partly a fungus or mould growing in the damp borings :— 
“ The dispar only uses the wood which is still fresh, and full of sap 
for the brood; this sap soaks (‘sweats’) so constantly out of the 
walls of the breeding-galleries that presently this thickens into wliite- 
of-egg-like coagulations (called by Schmidtberger ‘ Ambrosia ’); and 
from these the coatings of fungi which have been so often mentioned 
develop, whereby after a time the surface of the circular galleries 
becomes stained black. These coagulations, and occasionally the 
fungoid growths, serve exclusively for the nourishment of the young 
larvae; that afterwards these feed on the solid wood (as has been 
accepted very generally up to the present time) has probably never 
been observed as a fact by any one.”—W. E., ‘ Europ. Borkenkafer,’ 
p. 272. 
To any one who has carefully dissected out the workings of this 
beetle, it is unaccountable how the belief of the maggots of this species 
feeding on the wood itself could have arisen. In all the British 
specimens which I have had opportunity of examining myself the 
tunnels were as described first by Schmidberger, that is, there was a 
total absence of side- or maggot-galleries; and in all the mother- 
galleries, which I have now once again carefully examined with a view 
to ascertaining whether there were the inequalities of surface quite 
inseparable from as many maggots as the galleries could hold feeding 
