APPENDIX. 
127 
He further notes:—“ For preventive measures, what is needed first 
of all is regular grubbing and removal of Oak and Beech, &c., stumps* 
early, by the beginning of the warm season ; and next at the time of 
the summer felling to remove and burn all infested wood.” 
But for extirpation the use of trap-wood is particularly recommended. 
For this trapping material, Oak-poles with one end buried or driven 
into the ground are considered the most suitable, as they keep fresh 
longer. These are to be set from March to August and September, 
and periodically looked to, that is, about every three or four weeks, as 
the beetles prefer quite fresh wood for breeding purposes; but where 
it is at all open to doubt that attack has settled on the trap-poles, they 
should be removed at the latest in six weeks after placing. 
The following warning, which I give in Herr Eichhoff’s own words, 
is also worth attention :—“ Orchard-growers and gardeners, especially 
such as live near wood-stores and timber-yards in which great amounts 
of wood are kept, would do well to protect themselves against injury to 
their fruit-trees from attack which may come out of the infested material, 
even though it may be necessary for them first to purchase it.”f 
The observations about this pest being found in fellings are well 
worth the best consideration of all suffering from its ravages. It is 
very likely that a watch on what is going forward would discover it in 
pieces of wood with bark on, slabs, &c., as is the case with other 
infestation in Pine-plantations; and although in every instance where 
I have had the opportunity of examination the affected trees appeared 
perfectly healthy, it would be worth while noticing whether attack 
appears to take place to a greater extent on young trees recently moved 
than on those which have remained in position. Some kinds of 
beetles, like the “ Ash-bark Beetles,” which especially attack recently- 
felled trunks, have instinctive knowledge of the condition best suitable 
for egg-laying, and will select stems where the sap is not in the full 
flow of vigorous life, which would be likely rather to stifle the maggots 
than to feed them, or moisten the wood for their brood in their tunnels. 
It is not at all unlikely that following up the above principles might 
show us what trees were most liable to attack, and therefore needing 
protection at beetle-time, as well as what wood-rubbish or loppings 
might be serving as a nursery for the pest. 
* This of course includes all kinds of stumps which are infested; in our own 
case Plum-tree stumps or fallen stems would especially need looking after.—E. A. 0. 
f The above information and extracts are taken from ‘ Die Europaischen 
Borkenkafer,’ von W. Eichhoff, Kaiserl. Oberforster in Mulhausen i. Elsass. Berlin, 
1881 . 
