LIFE-HISTORIES AND HABITS 
OF A FEW KINDS OF 
FLIES COMMONLY INJURIOUS TO STOCK. 
♦ 
INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 
During the summer season, and especially in liot and dry 
weather, all who may be passing through pasture lands where 
farm-stock—such as Sheep, Cattle, or Horses—are grazing can 
scarcely fail to notice how much they are troubled from time to 
time by some kind of attack, which their movements show that 
they are doing all they can to escape from. 
The Sheep stand with their noses close to the ground, stamping 
at the same time with their fore feet; or shake their heads and 
run, obviously to get away from some great annoyance; or, again, 
they will crowd together in the heat of the day, with their heads 
down, and the noses even pressed into dry earth, being thus 
protected, as well as they can manage, from the much feared 
enemy getting at them. 
Cattle may be seen going along at a good swinging trot, or 
galloping as fast as they can go, very possibly over hedge and 
ditch, with their tails erect, or floating in the air behind them. 
Horses do not show annoyance by galloping as much as cattle, but 
they may be noticed as giving a slight kind of shiver or vibration 
over their hides from time to time. 
All these various signs of discomfort are owing to the attacks of 
different kinds of two-winged flies, and the attempts of the animals 
to protect themselves from infestation, or direct injury. 
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