4 
to the family of the Hippoboscidfe, of which the females, instead 
of laying eggs, or producing maggots just hatched, nourish the 
maggot within themselves until it is just at the stage of turning 
to chrysalis (or, more scientifically phrased, to pupa), consequently 
they and all the other genera of the family are called Pupipara, or 
pupa-bearers. 
The Forest Flies are to some extent blood-suckers, but the 
chief annoyance which they cause appears to be from their power 
of running very actively backwards, forwards, or sidelong among 
the hairs of the horses which they infest, and so causing great 
irritation to the skin, and (to animals unaccustomed to it) great 
alarm. The attack of the Sheep Spider Fly is not so troublesome 
in several respects as that of the Forest Fly, as, being wingless, 
they have not a similar power of dispersing themselves, nor can 
they frighten animals by their sudden descents; also they have not 
the power of rapid movement amongst the hair possessed by the 
Forest Fly. 
In regard to almost all the above attacks, as well as some of 
very similar infestations entered on in the following pages, much 
advance in information has been gained in the past few years, and 
in my own special investigations and the observations sent me, 
published in my Annual Reports, I have been able also to make 
some additions to previous records; and, as some plain and accessible 
account of these common infestations appeared needed for general 
use, I have formed the material in my hands to the best of my 
power into papers, which I hope may be of service relatively to the 
histories and habits of the pests mentioned, and also of preventive 
and remedial measures, based on their habits. 
For more elaborate details, involving anatomical research, and 
points of veterinary treatment, which do not lie in my province, I 
have given reference to the publications of various leading Con¬ 
tinental as well as American and British writers, where presumably 
readers will find all that they require. 
