30 
the sides and at the lower part some fleshy tubercle-like projections, 
which the larva can withdraw or push out again at pleasure. 
The little head was brown and shining, with two small short 
horns (antennae), and two large hard hooks of the length of the 
head placed above, but curved downwards. When at rest it draws 
the head into the first segment, and this into the second. By the 
help of the contractile tubercles on the segments and the head- 
hooks, the larva is enabled to make its way through the ground. 
The pupa, or chrysalis (see figure, p. 25), is nearly an inch 
long, and much resembles those of the larger Tipulce, i. e. the flies 
commonly called Daddy Longlegs. The colour is of a greyish 
brown, darker on the abdomen. This is divided into eight rings, 
each one having along the hinder edge a fringe of long grey hairs. 
The last ring is armed at the end with six hard and scaly points, which 
serve to push the chrysalis half out of the earth (as noted, p. 29). 
At the end of a month or rather more the fly emerged from the 
pupal envelope or chrysalis-case, and the identical specimen, which 
proved to be Tab anus bovinus, Linn, and De Geer, together with its 
larva and chrysalis, are figured in plate xii. of the ‘ Memoires ’ of 
De Geer, referred to at p. 29, ante, from which my figure at p. 25 «• 
is precisely copied. 
So far as I am aware, no such excellent observation of transfor¬ 
mation of this species has been taken since that of M. De Geer, and 
it is from his information (acknowledged or not, as the case may 
be, to its distinguished -source) that details of the life-history are 
usually given. 
The females are noted by Dr. Brauer (see reference, p. 28) as 
swarming about horses, cattle, and deer ; the males soaring in wood¬ 
lands and on somewhat elevated meadow-ground near water, not at 
the summit of mountains, especially in close sultry weather, in 
sunshine after rainstorms, or in early morning. 
Short descriptions of some of the species named 
in list given at p. 25 :— 
Of the other Gad Flies which are trouble¬ 
some in this country (mentioned at p. 25), the 
Tabanus autumnalis (the Autumnal Gad Fly, or 
Breeze Fly) is one of the most noticeable. 
This is a rather smaller and much greyer 
AUt (aiter Railliet) ^ Ay than the bovinus, being not quite four-fifths 
of an inch in length. The eyes are very dark, 
black, or partly grey, without cross-bands. The thorax black-brown 
or grey above, with five grey stripes (see figure accompanying). The 
