55 
R. Golding, of Baunmore, Clare, Galway, Ireland, regarding serious 
amount of injury from warbles :— 
“ Owing to the prolonged excessive heat last summer, the 
warble-pest has done great injury to young cattle in this district, 
causing death in some instances by their numbers, from March last 
up to this.” 
Another note on the same subject was sent me on May 15th, 
by Mr. Thomas Barrett Leonard, of Horsford Manor, Norwich, 
who wrote :— 
“ Many of my beasts have bumps, but one—which is so thin 
and wretched that he seems not long for this world—is one mass 
of bumps.” 
From specimens then sent to myself, I was able to speak per¬ 
sonally to the serious extent to which the attack would run on. 
In one of the hides, that of a two-year-old heifer, there were 300 
warble-holes ; and in another, taken from an animal which died of 
consequent mortification of the back, the warble-holes were more 
than 400 in number. The figure, p. 54, giving some idea of this 
damaged hide (though necessarily in miniature), is from a photo¬ 
graph presented to me by Messrs. R. Parsons & Son, Tanners, 
East Street, Taunton, of a piece of a yearling skin, 24 inches by 
14 inches, containing 402 warble-lioles. 
Licked Beef and Jelly caused by Warble. 
Warble-attack, when severe to an extent often found to be the 
case, causes inflammation, and consequently very evident alteration 
in the state of the tissues immediately beneath the warbled part of 
the hide. 
This condition, known as “licked beef,” or “jelly,” has long 
been only too well known to all connected with dressing cattle 
after slaughter, but the nature and precise cause of the condition 
was, as far as I am aware, not known. And in the year 1889 
I was requested to procure information from some known authority 
as to the cause and precise condition of this altered layer, and 
to give the results in leaflet form for distribution to those 
interested. 
By means of post mortem examinations, and specimens and 
skilled reports forwarded, we were able to obtain clear proof of 
connection between presence of inflammation seriously injurious to 
condition of the animal and presence of warble in the overlying 
part of the hide. And in the following notes, which are condensed 
into as few words as possible (reprinted from my own leaflet) I 
