FIRST OBSERVATION OF WARBLE. 
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besides translations of the Warble Fly leaflet into North and South 
Welsh dialects. 
All this has been done by ourselves; no “ Board ” has helped us ; we 
have had no grant for expenses, and now it appears desirable to bring 
forward in a condensed form,—amongst other reasons that those 
interested may be able to recognize and point to the results of their 
own labours,—a history of the results of our ten years’ labours. 
To begin with a description of the attack. Warble attach is commonly 
known as consisting of swollen lumps —few or many—to be found from 
February to September, chiefly during the months of April and May, 
though sometimes badly later in the summer, on the back or loins of 
the attacked animals, each swelling or warble containing a maggot or 
“ bot,” which lies with its black-tipped tail (often taken for its head) 
at a small opening in the swelling, and the other end (which contains 
the orifice which serves for a mouth) in a sore on which it is feeding 
in the under tissues of the hide. 
The great injury, however, which is caused year after year by this 
attack is not only from the perforations of the maggots lessening the 
value of the hides, but the loss in flesh and milk and health in summer, 
when the animals are started by their terror of the fly to gallop as 
fast as they can go, and later on the suffering and drag on the system 
of supporting may be six, ten, twenty, or a hundred, sometimes even 
more than four hundred, of these strong maggots growing up to an 
inch in length and feeding on the sore, which they keep up from before 
the warble-swelling is observable in January or February until they 
are full-grown. 
First observation of young Warble beneath the Jiesh side of the Hide. 
On November 12tli, 1884, a cutting from a yearling skin brought 
in that day was forwarded to me by Messrs. C. and H. Hatton, Barton 
Tannery, Hereford, with the note that they considered it showed first 
symptoms of warble-maggot. This piece of hide was about 12 in. by 
4 in., and on the flesh side there were upwards of seven slight swellings 
about a quarter of an inch across, of a livid or bluish colour, each 
forming a raised centre to greatly-inflamed patches. Within the blue 
centre I found a small warble-maggot, just large enough to be dis¬ 
tinguished by the naked eye when removed, but not plainly so whilst 
in the swelling, as the inside of this was of blood-red tissue, and the 
small maggot ivas blood-red also. Under the microscope it was easily 
distinguishable by its patches of minute prickles. From the red mass or 
maggot-cell I found that a fine channel, no wider than a hair, passed 
up through the hide to the surface. The course of this channel was 
easily traced by the blood which in handling the specimen was pressed 
from below along this gallery till it came out in a little drop on the 
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