2G 
WARBLE FLY. 
do, when they are stirks six or eight months old. The infliction 
takes greater effect upon a young growing animal than upon one that 
is older and fuller in condition.” —W. H. Liddell, Leather Market, 
Bermondsey, London. 
“ I notice that nearly all kips (that is, hides off yearling cattle) 
that have died a natural death are covered with warbles. Are deaths 
of these almost calves to be attributed to the fact that the irritation 
they cause exhausts nature ?”—H. G. Haines, Newport, Mon. 
On Feb. 24th (see my Warble Report for 1884), Mr. H. Thompson, 
M.R.C.Y.S., Aspatria, Cumberland, reported that on that day some of 
the pupils at the College of Agriculture had found several enlarge¬ 
ments on the backs of young cattle at the farm; and in the course of 
our work, carried on by the boys of the Aldersey Grammar School 
(referred to in detail further on), one little lad, only ten years old, not 
to be behind his fellows in the extent of his powers, as he could not 
reach up to the full-grown cattle, brought in his contribution of 
maggots, which he had squeezed out of the calves. 
The almost wo rid-icicle distribution of this cattle-pest is important 
relatively to possibility, or rather certainty, of its importation from 
some countries, and also of its general transmission colonially. I have 
myself been consulted in the case of transmission to a Cheshire farm 
from the U.S.A. 
The following note gives the wide distribution of the species on the 
first-rate authority of Hr. Friedrich Brauer.* This species is distri¬ 
buted from Scandinavia to the most southern parts of Europe, and is 
also to be found occurring in Asia, Africa, and North America.” . . . 
“ A beautiful variety was shown me by INof, Low, from Asia Minor. 
This differed from the ordinary species in all of what are usually 
yellow hairs, being in the variety of a pure white.f 
The following notes of amount of injury to imported hides, for 
which I was indebted to the courtesy of the Colonial Company in 
favouring me with a reply to my enquiry, add a very solid practical 
confirmation to Hr. Brauer’s entomological statement:— 
On the 8th of August, 1884, Mr. B. Brown, Secretary, wrote me as 
follows:—“I enclose copy of reply I have just received from an 
experienced firm of hide and skin brokers to an enquiry we made of 
them as to the injury done to hides, &c., by the Warble Fly.” 
“ Reply to the inquiry of the Colonial Company respecting the 
damage done to hides and skins by the Warble Fly :— 
“‘Parcels of Ox- and Cow-hides and Goat and Sheep skins coming 
* See 1 Monographic der tEstriden,’ von Fr. Brauer, Wien. 1803, p. 127. 
f This to some degree resembles the variety of which a few specimens were 
found by Mr. C. C. Martyn amongst the Warble Flies which he reared from 
chrysalids captured by himself at Aspatria, Cumberland (see p. 11). 
