LOSSES FROM WARBLE-ATTACIv. 
27 
from all parts of the world, all contain a varying proportion of warbled 
hides and skins, the damage, as a rule, being greatest on those from 
the hottest climates, and generally affecting goat skins to the greatest 
extent. 
“ ‘ Those hides and skins coming from Mogador and other northern 
parts of Africa suffer most in this respect, an average perhaps of about 
one-fourth of them being damaged to the extent of 60 or 70 per cent. 
Those from Kurracliee also suffer damage to almost the same extent, 
while those from Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay are depreciated 
perhaps to the extent of 50 per cent, on 10 per cent, of the skins. 
“ ‘ From Cape Colonies the damage is comparatively slight, and still 
less in those hides and skins from Australia and South America.’ ”— 
Communicated by sec. of Colonial Co., Leadenhall Street, London. 
Tbe great injury, however, which is caused year after year by this 
attack is not only from the perforations of the maggots lessening the 
value of the bides, but tbe loss in flesh and milk and health in summer, 
when the animals are started by their terror of the fly to gallop as 
fast as they can go, and later on the suffering and drag on the system 
of supporting may be six, ten, or twenty, sometimes even a hundred, 
or two, three or four hundred, of these strong maggots growing up to 
an inch in length and feeding in the sore, which they keep up from 
January or February until they are full-grown. 
What the losses from effect of warble-attack may amount to yearly 
is difficult to calculate with certainty. Mr. W. IT. Liddell, of Ber¬ 
mondsey, put it at two million pounds sterling annually to Great 
Britain and Ireland; and on March 3rd, 1885, Mr. Richard Stratton, 
of The Duffryn, Newport, Mon., remarked:—“You have made one 
trifling mistake, and that is in the amount of my estimate of the annual 
loss sustained by the fly, you make me put it at a million, but I do 
not think I have ever put it at less than a pound per head on every 
animal unsheltered from the ravages of the fly, which would probably 
be seven or eight millions for the United Kingdom, and this, I fully 
believe, is not above the mark.” 
This looks a large estimate just on the face of the thing, but a great 
deal of the amount may be fairly approximated, calculated out by 
returns of loss per stone, or per carcase, on damaged animals, and 
losses on hide, of which some notes are given below. 
To these have to be added, for one tiling, losses on fatting beasts ; 
in the words of Mr. R. Stratton, on August 8tli, 1884 :—“ Cattle are 
suffering very much at this time from the fly. Fancy a fat beast 
having to run perhaps ten miles a day in this heat! Many lose £1 
worth of beef in a week from this cause.”—R. Stratton, The Duffryn, 
Newport, Mon. 
Also as mentioned below : — 
