commonly our wheat is not sown until some time after 
date named, and thus the young plant is not up until 
the flies which would have laid eggs on it are dead. 
The Hessian Fly has commonly two broods in the 
course of the year. The flies which come out in August 
or September from the “flax-seed” chrysalis-cases, 
sheltered above the second joint of the straw from the 
ground (such as we have this year been troubled with in 
England and Scotland), lay their eggs, we are informed 
by various observers, Prof. Riley, the State Entomologist, 
amongst the number, in the grooves on the surface of 
the leaves, or between the stalk and sheath where loose, 
and, as soon as the footless larva or maggot hatches, it 
makes its way down the leaf to the base of the sheath, 
which in the young winter wheat is at the crown of the 
root. Here it is stated to fasten itself lengthwise to the 
tender stalk, and to move no more, but remain fixed at 
one spot sucking the juices until it becomes embedded 
at one extremity in the outer part of the stalk, and in 
five or six weeks, according to the season, to turn to the 
flax-seed chrysalis. In the case of attack to the young 
wheat, the maggots drawing away the juices just near 
the ground-level, cause it to turn yellow and die. 
The flies from these “ flax-seeds ” come out in spring, 
or about the beginning of May, and, as where the corn 
is running up to stem the tender ground leaves are no 
longer to be found, which are used for autumn egg-laying, 
the flies have no choice, but they lay them instead, as we 
know, so that the maggot when hatched shelters itself 
between the stem and sheath just above the first or 
second joint from the ground, and there it turns to the 
flax-seed chrysalis, from which the autumn brood 
presently come out. 
To return to autumn means of prevention, as previously 
said, if there is no accommodation ready for the autumn 
brood, a great deal of it necessarily perishes without 
egg-laying, but further (in case quite early-sown wheat 
is found to be infested), by ploughing this in the maggots 
and eggs will be killed; and, in the words of Hr. Packard, 
