Xl6 ON THE SCALE INSECT OF MULBERRY TREES. 
a long slender rostrum, with which the pupa imbibes the sap. 
If we now closely examine the body, there may be found a 
number of small openings on the dorsal and ventral sides of each 
segment from the 2nd to the gth (Fig. 16, b. PI. II.). From 
these openings, are secreted very fine white filaments, which ac¬ 
cumulate on both dorsal and ventral sides of the pupa in the 
form of a sac, opening at the free edge, just behind the moulted 
larval skin. This is the beginning of a cocoon, later it grows 
longer posteriorly till it becomes a perfect cocoon. 
The perfectly formed cocoons (Fig. 17. PI. II.) are snowy 
white, long and oval in form measuring 1,4—1,6 mm. in length 
and 0,4—0,5 mm. in breadth. The surface of the cocoons is 
usually marked with a few longitudinal ridges. They are at¬ 
tached to the bark of mulberry trees by their smaller end, which 
- carries always dorsally a moulted larval skin colored greyish 
yellow, while the broader end is more or less elevated, and re¬ 
mains open free. 
Some days after the pupa has been imprisoned within the 
cocoon, the latter bears partly an orange color, and the pupa 
contained within, growing now 0,67 mm. in length, is of a some¬ 
what dark orange color. At this period of development, the body 
of the pupa is more or less depressed, and colored orange red 
(Fig. 18. PI. II.). The three regions of the body are more or 
less distinct, the segments of the thorax and abdomen come 
into view, and the eyes are developed into a globular form of a 
dark brownish red color. The antennæ, wings, three pairs of 
legs, and a caudal appendage grow on the body in a sort of 
cylindrical sacs. The antennæ and wing processes lie closely 
attached to the lateral sides of the body. Of the three pairs of 
legs, the first pair is directed forwards, the remaining two pairs 
toward the posterior end, and a single caudal appendage lies at 
the end of the abdomen in the form of a blunt process (Figs. 19; 
20. PI. II.). When the pupa is so far developed, it loses its 
filamentous rostrum, and no longer takes sap from the bark. 
The male insects are hatched twice a year, viz. in June 
and October, in most cases. They come out generally through 
the free open end of the cocoon from their posterior end; 
but sometimes they get rid of the anterior fixed end of the 
same. 
