ON THE SCALE INSECT OF MULBERRY TREES. II7 
After the winged insects have appeared, they remain gener¬ 
ally near the cocoon a little while, and then crawl about the 
female scale,.or fly in the air in order to search for the scales. 
The cocoons of the male insects are generally found in 
groups on either stems or branches, and are particularly nu¬ 
merous near the base of the stem, where it is protected from 
the sunshine by overlying branches and leaves, and thus the 
cocoons give the latter a snowy white appearance in patches of 
variable size or at all the sides like girdles round the stems or 
branches (Fig. 21. PL. IT). 
The groups of the cocoon are loosely covered with white 
continuous filaments bearing scattered white dust : these fila¬ 
ments are those secreted by the larvæ, and the dust is hemi¬ 
spherical in form. The continuous filaments are enveloped with 
a sort of mucous layer more or less sticky in nature, and as this 
layer dries up in the open air, it is thus peeled off in pieces 
having the appearance of small snowy white dust as mentioned 
before. 
Female pupa.—When the mature larva fixes itself tightly 
with a filamentous rostrum on the bark, a scale begins to form 
on its posterior portion. This shows the presence of a newly 
formed pupa beneath the old larval skin as well as the fragment¬ 
ary scale. The pupa (Fig. 22. PL. II.) is oval depressed, 
measures about 0,5-04 mm. in length and breadth respectively. 
The body is composed of the same number of segments as the 
mature female insect, and is also very similar in general aspects. 
The head segment bears two rudimentary antennæ, two dark 
brownish red eye spots, and a filamentous rostrum. The pupa 
with its rostrum imbibes also the sap. The abdominal segments 
are more or less conspicuous, and near the lateral margin and 
close to the boundary line between the seventh and eighth 
segments, as well as the free margin of the chitinous shield 
(pygidium) (Figs. 23; 24. PL. II.), are marked with some 
small oval openings at both dorsal and ventral surfaces. These 
openings secrete, without doubt, an extremely fine filament used 
as a material to form the cocoon. Further dorsally on the 
pygidium there opens an anus in the form of a small round 
opening. The free pointed end of the pygidium is provided with 
a pair of broad chitinous processes, and each of the lateral 
