November 12, 1892. 
THE GARDENING WORLD 
163 
time, and inform students distinctly of the exact hour 
at which all papers must be handed in. (g) To see 
that the following rules are strictly observed :— 
x. Two-and-a-half hours are allowed for the 
papers. 2. Students are not allowed to bring any 
books, paper, notes, etc., into the examination room ; 
nor to ask any questions whatever, save of the 
supervisor, who must exercise his judgment as to 
whether such question is one he should answer or 
not. 3. Students are not allowed to leave the 
examination room on any pretext whatsoever after 
the papers have been distributed. In case of un¬ 
avoidable illness, the student must be content either 
to hand in what he has already done or wait till 
another examination takes place. 4. Any student 
leaving the room before the full time allowed has 
expired must first give up to the supervisor his 
written papers together with the printed examination 
paper, which must in all cases be returned with the 
answers. 5. The papers of any students breaking 
these rules or found copying should at once be 
destroyed.-(h.) The allotted time having expired, 
the supervisor will call on the students to fold up 
and hand in their papers, which should then be at 
once (before leaving the room) tied together securely 
with string. They should be posted to the Secre¬ 
tary, R.H.S., 117, Victoria Street, Westminster, 
S.W., by the earliest possible post, (i.) The super¬ 
visor will, of course, not himself leave the room 
during the time of examination, (k.) The supervisor 
is requested to sign the printed paper sent with 
examination papers and return it with them. This 
paper is to the effect that the rules of the society 
have to the best of his knowledge been strictly 
observed. 
The following is an Outline Syllabus, showing the 
nature of the subjects to .which it is considered 
desirable that the attention of students should be 
drawn, but it is not expected that the whole should 
be dealt with in one short series of lectures and 
demonstrations ; selection should therefore be made, 
according to local circumstances, but a sufficient 
knowledge of the elementary principles will, in all 
cases, be required. 
Elementary Principles, on which Horticultural 
Practice is based.—Soils, good and bad : their nature 
and composition : weeds and their indications. Re¬ 
quirements of growth : water, heat, air. Seeds, 
nature of, duration of vitality in, and modes of ger¬ 
mination. Roots : nature and functions of; fibrils 
and root-hairs ; what they do, and how they do it— 
what helps and what hinders them. Stems and 
Branches: their nature, work, and uses; helps 
and hindrances to their work. Leaves : what they 
are, what they do; helps and hindrances to their 
work. 
Tubers and Bulbs, leaf-buds and flower-buds. 
Growth and development : increase in size and 
changes of composition and structure; formation 
and storage of food materials. Flowers: their com¬ 
ponent parts ; what they do ; artificial fertilization. 
Fruit: changes and development during ripening; 
forms and varieties, as, e.g., Apple, Strawberry, 
Plum, etc. Seed : formation of. Variation and 
selection. Names and Orders of common garden- 
plants, trees, etc. 
Horticultural Operations and Practice.— 
Surveying and Landscape Gardening : elements of. 
Choice of Site for Garden. Description and use of 
Implements under each head. Operations connected 
with the Cultivation of the Land, with explanations 
and illustrations of good and bad methods ; digging 
and trenching; draining ; hoeing, stirring the soil, 
and weeding ; watering ; preparation of seed bed ; 
rolling and raking ; sowing, transplanting, and thin¬ 
ning, potting, planting; aspects, positions, and shel¬ 
ter; staking; earthing and blanching, etc. Propa¬ 
gation—Elementary principles : cuttings ; budding 
and grafting; stocks used ; layering ; division ; 
branch pruning; root pruning; old and young 
trees and bushes; training. Fruit Culture :. open 
air and under glass ; small fruits; Apples and Pears; 
Stone fruits ; gathering and storing; packing and 
marketing ; general knowledge of fruits, and selec¬ 
tion of varieties. Vegetable Culture: tubers and 
roots; green vegetables; fruits and seeds ; rotation 
of crops, and selection of varieties. Flower Culture: 
outside and under glass. Manures and their appli¬ 
cation. Improvement of Plants by cross-breeding, 
hybridization, and selection. Arboriculture; trees 
and shrubs and their culture. Insect and Fungus 
Pests : prevention and treatment. 
THE VALLEY OF ROSES. 
A traveller thus describes a visit to Kezanlik, in the 
Balkans, once the famous Rose garden of Turkey, 
where they distil the rich attar which is the foundation 
of half the perfumes made in the great emporiums of 
London and Paris. He says : ■■ I had looked eagerly 
forward to the novel sight of miles of ground covered 
with blossoming Rose trees. My imagination had re¬ 
velled in a glorious confusion of colour and an intoxi¬ 
cation of perfume, and I was cruelly undeceived by 
the stunted little bushes and small pink blossoms, 
which presented no variety of size or hue, and are as 
like each other as green Peas. In short, they are prac¬ 
tical, useful, money-making Roses. Their destiny is 
to be boiled in an iron pot, and then in another form 
they travel north and south, east and west, and 
make themselves generally useful in different quar¬ 
ters of the globe. We went into the shed where the 
Roses were stored ; they lay in masses on the floor, 
spread out to prevent them from being crushed, but 
still nearly a foot deep. What a rich, pink, sweet couch 
they made, all the heads lying together, not a green 
leaf to be seen ; and the perfume of these fragrant, 
fresh-culled blossoms was not so strong as to be op¬ 
pressive. Very different was the atmosphere of the 
other store-room which we visited after breakfast, 
where the precious attar of Roses was kept in a huge 
iron safe. The air was so heavy with the scent that 
I could hardly bear it, and when M. Papazoulu took 
out the bottles I retired precipitately, and contem¬ 
plated them from a distance. The bottles were 
large and flat, the shape of an ordinary hunting 
flask, and sealed. He said that he sold the smaller 
ones at £ 200, /300, and £500, while he valued one 
large one at /i,ooo. When kept perfectly free of 
air, the essence is said to last unimpaired so long as 
eighty years.” 
--j-- 
MARGARET CARNATIONS 
In the Gardening World of the 22nd ult., I 
notice a reply to your correspondent " W. C. ” in 
reference to these plants. These are destined to 
become a valuable class, for one of our florists in 
Birmingham has taken them in hand as the female 
parents for hybridization with a grand exhibition 
Scarlet Bizarre Carnation, “ Robert Houlgrave,” a 
flower which has superb form and is always a fore¬ 
most one in all stands of Carnation blooms at our 
Carnation exhibitions. Mr. Herbert, the manager 
of the Sparkhill Nurseries, last year effected such a 
cross and got a pod of seed which was sown in 
February last and the plants grown on into a well 
shaped bushy state, growing in 48-size pots, and 
they commenced blooming early in September and 
are still blooming freely, each plant with from 12 to 
15 or 16 expanded blooms and buds. The plants 
are of dwarfer habit than Carnations generally. In 
each case the progeny now in flower show far more 
the character of the ordinary Carnation than of the 
Margaret type, having broader foliage, with large 
well formed flowers of different colours and great 
breadth of petal. One is a superb scarlet self, others 
are flaked, and all demonstrate very clearly that with 
ground work to go ahead with, Mr. Herbert will 
give us a new race of annual Carnations, as he is 
still crossing and saving seed. When we can get 
good bushy plants grown from seed shown in 
February, and in full bloom in September and 
onwards to Christmas, a great acquisition to our 
autumn and winter blooming plants will be gained, 
and this object will be obtained when the Sparkhill 
race of Margaret Carnations can be brought before 
the public. Some may be at work in the same way 
probably, and others may now follow suit.— W. D. 
-- 
THE FRUIT TROPHY IN 
THE LORD MAYOR’S SHOW, 
The “Worshipful Company of Fruiterers of Lon¬ 
don ” was more strongly represented in the Lord 
Mayor’s Show on Wednesday than has been the case 
for some years past, and the Fruit Trophy, which 
was designed by Mr. George Bunyard, of Maidstone, 
and dressed entirely with British fruits, was one of 
the best things in the procession. It is so seldom 
that Pomona makes such a respectable appearance in 
a Lord Mayor’s Show that we may be pardoned a 
little detail. The car was one of Messrs. Pickford's 
trollies, on which was constructed sloping staging 
about 6 ft. high from base to apex. The base was 
fringed on either side by cordon trees, dotted with 
fruit (on the French system). The central stage sup¬ 
ported on the upper platform a noble trophy of grow¬ 
ing Pineapples based with Melons, flanked on either 
either side by pairs of ornamental baskets (back to 
back) of choice Muscat and Black Grapes ; and below 
this, reaching to the outside cordons, on both sides, 
were thirty-six market " halves ” of bright-coloured 
Apples, Pears, Tomatos, and Cob Nuts. 
The driver’s place was occupied by a screen of 
Aspalier Apple trees, loaded with fruits large and 
rosy, and conspicuous also at this point was a 
collection of tools, and a trophy of gourds. At the 
back was a half circular group of pot fruit trees 
(Apples) representing Orchard House culture. 
The decorative portion consisted of four corner 
standards, wreathed with berries and foliage—Pyr- 
acantha, Bramble, and jwild Clematis being pro¬ 
minent. This was surrounded by a heavy wreath of 
Rowan berries (Mountain Ash), topped by a Squash ; 
about half-way a branch led up to a central ornamental 
finial, forming a canopy over the whole, the supports 
being draped with Bramble, Asparagus, Sweetbriar 
heps and foliage. Below the corner finials a scroll 
gave the names of the four counties growing the 
greatest acreage of fruit—Hereford, Worcester, 
Devon, and Kent. In a line with the central plat¬ 
form, an Orchard Standard tree, with fruit (repre¬ 
senting Farm Culture), stood out boldly and carried 
the support for the name of "The Company of 
Fruiterers,” on the top of which a gilded centre 
made a finish to the whole of the ornamental work. 
The kinds of fruit which attracted the eye most 
were the very large Bismarck (red) Apple, the Wor¬ 
cester Pearmains, Gascoyne’s Scarlet ; while for size, 
Warner’s King, Stirling Castle, Peasgood's Nonsuch, 
Pott's Seedling were prominent. Dessert Apples 
included King of the Pippins and Blenheim Orange. 
And in Pears, the showy Pitmaston Duchess, and 
the russety Beurre de Capiaumont were very con¬ 
spicuous. Enormous Tomatos carried the fruits 
half way to the domain of Vegetables, and Mam¬ 
moth Gourds (for winter use) took a similar place. 
The under carriage was completely hidden by 
drapery, the upper line bearing the motto, “ God 
giveth the increase,” and on the other side, “ Britain 
can grow her own fruit ” ; the lower drapery being 
in white and green—the colours of the Company. 
SCOTTISH NOTES. 
Technical Education in Horticulture. —The 
Council of the Scottish Horticultural Association, 
having been allocated a portion of the residue grant 
by the Town Council of the City of Edinburgh, has 
arranged a course of lectures, to be delivered during 
the ensuing winter and spring. The scientific and 
practical aspects of the subjects chosen will be 
treated of by eminent authorities, and the lectures 
will be free to all interested in the advancement of 
horticulture. 
This being the first time that such a course of 
lectures has been given in Scotland, and looking to 
the importance of the subject from a commercial 
point of view, it is to be trusted it will be well taken 
advantage of by the general public. 
Bursaries will be given to successful competitors, 
who must have attended three-fourths of the lectures, 
and must be under-gardeners or nurserymen, and 
approved of by the council. Intending competitors 
should intimate their intention in writing to the 
hon. secretary, Mr. Robert Laird, 17, Frederick 
Street, Edinburgh, at the beginning of the session, 
and not later than 1st December. 
Syllabus. —In Surgeons’ Hall, Nicholson Street, 
on November 23rd and 30th, and December 7th and 
14th, “The Chemistry of Plants and Soils," by 
Mr. W. Ivison Macadam, F.R.S.E., etc In Dowell's 
Rooms, 18, George Street, December 19th and 28th, 
and January 4th and 12th, “The Structure and 
Physiology of Cultivated Plants,” by Mr. A. N. 
Macalpine, consulting botanist to the Highland and 
Agricultural Society. January 18th and 25th, and 
February 1st arid 8th, “ The Hybridisation, Selection, 
and Improvement of Plants,” by Mr. John H. 
Wilson, D.Sc., etc. February 15th, Hardy Fruits, 
Introductory Lecture by Mr. A. F. Barron, 
Chiswick; February 22, Apples, by Mr. M. Dunn, 
Dalkeith ; March ist, Apricots and Cherries, by 
Mr. M. Temple, Carron House, Falkirk ; March Sth, 
Peaches and Nectarines, by Mr. Fairgrieve, Dunkeld ; 
March 15th, Plums, by Mr. M. Dunn; March 22nd, 
Strawberries, by Mr. M. Temple; March 29th, 
Pears, by Mr. M'Kinnon, Scone Palace. The 
lectures will commence at 7.30 each evening. 
