June 10, 1898. 
THE GARDENING WORLD. 
043 
the provisions contained in section thirty-four of the 
principal Act shall extend and be applicable to every 
conservatory, forcing-house, forcing-pit, or any other 
erection or building put up or constructed or affixed 
either before or after the commencement of this Act 
by a tenant for the purposes of his trade or business 
of a market gardener upon or in or to aholding which, 
either in whole or in part, is cultivated as a market 
garden. 
4. From and after the commencement of this Act 
the first schedule to the principal Act shall, as far 
as regards holdings, cultivated either in whole or in 
part as market gardens, be amended in the following 
particulars (that is to say) : — 
The improvement numbered (n), "Planting of 
orchards or fruit bushes,” shall cease to be comprised 
in Part I. of the said schedu'e ; and the following 
improvements shall be comprised in Part III. of the 
said schedule :— 
(i.) Planting of standard fruit trees. 
(ii.) Planting of fruit bushes. 
(iii) Planting of Strawberry plants. 
(iv.) Planting of vegetable crops. 
(v.) The application to land of manure not pro¬ 
duced on the holding other than such as is included 
in Part III. of the said schedule. 
5. Compensation under the principal Act as 
amended by this Act shall be payable in respect 
of the aforesaid improvements, whether the same 
respectively shall have been executed before or 
shall be executed after the commencement of this 
Act. 
6. No compensation shall be payable in respect of 
any of the said improvements, if the landlord shall 
have allowed, or shall hereafter allow, to the tenant 
some benefit equal in money value at the least to the 
sum which would otherwise be payable to the tenant 
as compensation in respect of such improvement, 
and the tenant shall have executed or shall hereafter 
execute such improvement in consideration of such 
benefit. 
7. So far as relates to the improvements numbered 
respectively i., ii., and iii., in the fourth section of 
this Act, section fifty-six of the principal Act shall 
be read and construed as if the words “ with the 
consent in writing of his landlord ’ ’ were not included 
therein. 
8. It shall be lawful for the tenant of a holding 
cultivated either in whole or in part as a market 
garden, to remove all fruit stocks planted by him on 
the holding either before or after the commence¬ 
ment of this Act, and not being more than 9 in. in 
girth immediately below the branches, and not set 
out in rows or as a permanent plantation; but if the 
tenant shall not remove such fruit stocks previously 
to the termination of his tenancy, such stocks shall 
remain the property of the landlord and the tenant 
shall not be entitled to any compensation in respect 
thereof 
9. Nothing in this Act contained shall apply to 
any land cultivated as nursery ground. 
--i-- 
GRAFTING CONIFERS. 
From January to March is the best time to graft any 
of the ordinary hard wooded plants under glass. At 
that time of the year we can control the tempera¬ 
ture better than at any other time. If it is too cold 
we can fire up, if too warm it is easy to shade or air, 
so that we can secure an even temperature. In sum¬ 
mer when the range of the thermometer is from 6o° 
to ioo° it is hard to regulate either greenhouses or 
frames. A steady temperature of from 50° to 6o° is 
warm enough for grafting any of the ordinary de¬ 
ciduous or evergreen plants. 
In grafting under glass, good work and good care 
are necessary if success is to be expected. This is 
much more easily said than done. The results of a 
few moments’ neglect may be most disastrous. A 
very important part of the work in the first place is 
the selection and potting of the stock. When it can 
possibly be done, the stock should be potted 
in April or early May, and plunged in a well sheltered 
border, where they can be occasionally watered if re¬ 
quired, so that they may become well established be¬ 
fore winter sets in. This is especially required 
with evergreens, and it would be well to have all 
stocks well rooted in pots the season before grafting, 
the success being much more pronounced with 
plants established than with those not so. 
We of course know that many plants, such as 
Apple and Pear, can be, and are grafted by hundreds 
of thousands, and heeled in sand and planted out in 
the following spring; but this will not do with the 
great mass of species and varieties, although a 
certain percentage will grow, and the result is much 
more satisfactory if the plants have been properly 
prepared beforehand. “ If a thing is worth doing, 
it is worth doing well.” 
The next question is, What will this or that variety 
grow on, and what not ? We will begin with the 
Pines and Spruces. By many this class of plants is 
considered the hardest of all to propagate by 
grafting, and many a good propagator in other 
departments will stumble and shrink from these 
while he would not hesitate to graft tens of thousands 
of deciduous plants: I can say that I have had no 
difficulty whatever in grafting Pines, both sections, 
Larch (except pseudo-larix which does not seem to 
stand long on the common Larch), Abies, Picea, 
Tsuga, Chamsecyparis, Thuya, and others, although 
of course some species take more readily than others, 
and some seasons are more favourable than others ; 
but this latter is as true with regard to ordinary 
forms as to those that are considered so difficult. 
In this, as in almost everything else, eternal vigilance 
is the price of success. 
In Pines I find that all the five leaved or smooth 
barked Pinuses such as P. cembra, excelsa, 
Lambertiana, parviflora, Bungeana, and others of 
this section grow readily on our White Pine, P. 
Strobus. For the others I have found no difficulty 
in using the common Scotch Pine, P. sylvestris, for 
a general stock, except in the large needled variety, 
which I believe does better on P. resinosa, the so- 
called Norway Pine. 
In Spruces I find that Picea excelsa makes a good 
stock for all the Piceas, but the Silver Spruce, Abies, 
will not do at all on this stock. For all the silver 
section, such as Abies concolor, Siberica, Nord- 
manniana, Frazerii, Cephalonica, and a host of 
others of this section, I find the best we have for 
stock is Abies balsamea, although I think it would 
be better to use the Silver Fir of Europe, Abies 
pectinata, which is a more vigorous tree although 
not quite so hardy when young. 
The common Arborvitse will do for most of the 
Chamaecyparis (Retinospora), although I think that 
if they could be had well rooted plants of Chamae¬ 
cyparis picifera are as good as any. All the Junipers 
grow well on J. Virginica. The common Hemlock 
is good for all the various forms, as well as the 
Japanese varieties, while the Douglass Fir seems to 
be best suited for the forms of Pseudotsuga. The 
common Larch L. Europseus is a good stock for all 
forms and varieties that I have tried. —Jackson 
■Dawson, in the American Florist. 
Early Peas in Ayrshire. 
As pertaining to the unusual earliness of the season 
I may inform you that our first dish of Peas was sent 
to table to-day, May 30th. They were gathered 
from rows of Carter’s First Crop, sown on Nov. 25th. 
The usual time for the beginning of the Pea season 
here is about June 28th, and in an extra good season 
June 15th, so that 1893 has broken the record con¬ 
siderably. Puritan Potatos first started a little and 
grown at the foot of a south wall are also in good 
order for use. Many other garden products are 
correspondingly early.— D. Mamie, Montgomerie 
Gardens, Tarbolton. 
Thinning Root Crops. 
Great care must be taken in the thinning of such 
crops as Onions, Carrots, &c., during the dry 
weather, or harm may be done to those left. If 
possible, Onions should be well watered at night, and 
thinned early the next day, and if watering is not 
possible advantage must be taken of every little 
shower to get this work done. Where the Onions 
have come patchy, or have gone off with maggot, 
which in many places is very prevalent this season, 
the plants thinned out must be planted to fill up the 
gaps, and immediately watered to settle the soil 
about them. If, by any chance, the Onions have 
been sown very thickly, let the thinning be done two 
or three times, so as not to upset too much the roots 
of those left for the crop. Carrots have in many 
instances come up badly, but it is not much good to 
plant these; it is better to put in a few seeds to fill up 
the gaps as there is plenty of time yet. The 
thinning of Parsnips will by this time have been 
finished, or if not they must be done at once, 
turnips must be attended to as soon as large enough. 
G. H. S. 
©leanings ftrum flm JDtulb 
of Science. 
Sparrows and the Dry Weather.— In the 
spring of the year, sparrows in certain districts give 
horticulturists great trouble by eating and destroying 
the leaves of Carnations into the very centre of the 
crowns, and later on they attack Crocuses, Prim¬ 
roses, and Polyanthus, destroying the flower buds. 
Food of most kinds is then very scarce and the 
marauders are no doubt prompted by the cravings of 
hunger, particularly in winter when the ground 
is frozen hard, when they attack the Carna¬ 
tions. During April and May they direct their 
attention to various kinds of .garden produce, such 
as seed beds. Lettuces, especially when newly 
planted out, Peas and S' .et Peas when germinating, 
and the flower buds Pansies and Violas. The 
leaves of the two 1.*. ; r do not seem palatable to 
them. Even after the Peas have attained considerable 
size and reached the flowering stage, the sparrows 
continue to lacerate and destroy the young leaves, 
flowers, and young fruits as well. The young stems 
were gnawed in many cases as if the moisture of the 
same was the object of the marauders. All this 
seems to be done for their own benefit, for while the 
young are being reared, the old birds may be seen 
busily engaged collecting insects in the winged stage. 
In some places the garden Peas have been receiving 
most attention, in other cases it was the Sweet Peas 
that suffered most. In some gardens they appear to 
be culpable of picking out the so-called seeds of 
Strawberries, thus causing the fruits to decay. 
A Plea for Wild Birds.—Mr. John Cordeaux, 
in reviewing a book on " Ornithology in Relation to 
Agriculture and Horticulture,” sums up the evidence 
for and against the utility and serviceableness of 
various wild birds in an article to Natural Science. 
The wood pigeon, he states, congregates in autumn 
and does great damage to ripening corn, and in 
winter destroys the Turnip tops to a serious extent. 
Its redeeming points are its pleasant coqings in the 
woodlands, and being good eating furnishes good 
sport in winter. The rook also has his predilections 
for corn, Turnip tops, newly sown corn, and we 
might add, young Potatos; but at other times he is 
busily engaged destroying large numbers of injurious 
grubs of various kinds in the fields and pastures, so 
that he more than repays for the mischief he does. 
The starling gets unbounded praise as the greatest 
possible friend to farmer and gardener alike, as it 
feeds on slugs, grubs, snails, and insects all the year 
round, only occasionally helping itself to some fruit 
and berries. The sparrow is condemned for his 
depradations over half the world, both by farmers 
and gardeners, and has the disparaging epithets of 
“ rat of the air ” and " ruffian in feathers ’ applied 
to it. The evidence for the prosecution of this bird 
is greatly in excess of that for the defence, yet the 
writer goes on to say that it has by no means been 
clearly proved that the extermination of the sparrow 
would be an unmixed blessing. 
Apple Scab and the Size of Fruit. —In a series 
of experiments carried on by the professors at the 
Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station 
(as recorded in Bulletin 48) with the view of testing 
the effects of combinations of fungicides and insecti¬ 
cides for destroying Apple Scab and the Codlin 
Moth, it was noticed that there was a distinct 
difference in size between the fruits of sprayed and 
unsprayed trees. The latter were left to their own 
resources by way of check and to compare the 
differences of the two sets of trees after the experi¬ 
ments. The fruits borne by the trees that were 
sprayed were in all cases decidedly larger than those 
on the unsprayed trees. This might be taken for 
granted as due merely to the differences between 
individual trees of the same variety. But it was 
observed that the fruits in all cases on the unsprayed 
trees were uniformly small. This is due to the fact 
that Apple scab not only acts injuriously in dis¬ 
figuring the fruit, but it prevents it from swelling 
freely by the injury done to the skin. This is more 
particularly evident when the fruits are attacked 
while yet in a very small state. 
The Carnation: its History, Properties, and Management. 
with a descriptive list of the best varieties in cultivation. By 
E. S. Dodwell. Third edition, with supplementary chapter on 
the Yellow Ground. London: Gardening World Office, 1, 
Clement's Inn Strand, W.C. is. 6d.; post free, is. 7d.— Ad.] 
