July 15, 1893. 
THE GARDENING WORLD. 
723 
In the Orchids there are some good Odontoglossum 
vexillarium, quite a noticeable show, but the main 
display is of Cattleyas. A good flower spike of* 
Cypripedium Parishii is attractive, and Sophronitis 
grandiflora continues to make a good show of orange- 
scarlet. At the other end of the building the 
Japanese garden is now gay with Irises ; this exhibit 
is a standard attraction, and the plants used in it are 
flourishing finely. 
Over in the greenhouses the Gloxinias are showing 
plenty of good bloom ; as soon as they are at their 
best they will be displayed on tables under the dome 
of the big building. These Gloxinias were raised 
from seed last year, being sown May 20th, 1892. 
They were kept growing all the summer, blooming 
in September, and the bulbs were then ripened off in 
November. This year the bulbs were started in the 
latter part of February, and kept growing in an 
average temperature of 70°. Care has been taken to 
provide them with sufficient drainage ; wherever there 
is any difference in this, leading to soggy soil, there 
is pretty sure to be a perceptible difference in the 
vigour of the foliage. The World’s Fair plants show 
some very fine stains of colour and marking ; the 
plants include the three types with erect, semi-erect, 
and drooping Achemenes-like flowers. There are 
also some very fine Gloxinias (two-year-old roots) 
from the New York State exhibit, just coming into 
bloom ; they will make a very rich show. 
The tuberous Begonias are coming into fine bloom, 
and a great many will be used in bedding. The 
fancy-leaved Caladiums will, before long, make a 
grand display. They are planted in large boxes and 
will make grand clumps, including some of the 
showiest garden hybrids. 
An oddity just coming into bloom in the New 
York greenhouses, west of the horticultural building, 
is Aristolochia Sturtevantii, the Pelican flower. 
Before opening its big puckered flower it is not 
unlike the pendent pouch from the Pelican’s 
beak, and it is odd enough and unusual enough to 
attract most of us.— American Florist. 
-- 
THE PITCH-PINE INDUSTRY. 
The British Vice-Consul at Pensacola says that the 
immense quantities of pitch-pine wood hewn, sawn, 
and manufactured, which have been shipped from 
the United States—notably to the United Kingdom— 
for so many years past, and which are still being 
shipped without any diminution, leave it apparent 
that information on this subject, generally, and par¬ 
ticularly on the probable length of time that these 
pitch-pine forests will hold out, will be of value and 
interest to the principal dealers in this great article 
of trade. The pitch-pine trees of the Southern 
States are of spontaneous growth, and especially 
indigenous to those sandy soils near to the water of 
the Gulf and Atlantic coasts, and, therefore, hardly 
any attention is given to the culture of these trees. 
It is believed that the pine wood of Southern States 
is coming more and more to the front, and that it is 
the most valuable wood of the country for mercantile 
purposes, and that, as the white wood of the Western 
and Eastern States becomes exhausted, the Southern 
States will be more relied upon. 
It is stated by the Forestry Bureau of the Depart¬ 
ment of Agriculture in the United States that there 
are about ten species of merchantable pine in the 
Southern States : the white pine and pitch-pine, the 
scrub or spruce-pine, the sand-pine, the pond-pine, 
the cedar-pine, and the long-leaf, short-leaf, loblolly, 
and Cuban pines, which are the principal varieties in 
general use. There is a great deal of confusion 
arising from the indiscriminate use of local names 
for these timbers. Thus the long-leaf pine is called 
yellow pine, hard-pine, pitch-pine, and various other 
names, but the settled name of this species of wood 
for commercial purposes at Pensacola is pitch-pine, 
and this quality of wood forms the largest if not the 
entire bulk of the shipments of pine wood from 
Pensacola. The short-leaf is called the old-field and 
spruce-pine, the loblolly fuel-swamp, sap-pine, and 
Virginia pine. The most important of these woods 
—the long-leaf pine—grows in the Atlantic and Gulf 
States, at some distance from the coast, covering a 
belt of about 125 miles in width. Next in importance 
to the long-leaf pine—pitch-pine—is the short-leaf 
pine, and this is more widely distributed than any of 
the other growths of pine. It is the predominating 
growth in some of the Southern States, and it covers 
immense areas to the exclusion of almost every other 
tree. In Florida the short-leaf pine is found along 
the northern border of the State. In Western 
Florida, nearer to Pensacola, it approaches the Gulf 
within twenty-five miles. It is said that the short- 
leaf pine gives from 3,500 ft. to 4,000 ft., board 
measure, per acre. A rough estimate places the 
possible standing timber of this species, distributed 
throughout the Southern States, at about 
160,000,000,000 ft. board measure. The loblolly 
pine is found only in the northern part of Florida, 
and the Cuban pine is found principally in Florida 
and along the Gulf coast. It grows mainly on the 
so-called pine-flats or pine meadows. 
About twelve years ago the official estimates of the 
merchantable pine timber standing in the Southern 
States gave a probable quantity of 225,000,000,000ft. 
Since that time there has been an enormous quantity 
of timber cut, but the amount standing now is 
estimated as follows :—Long-leaf and Cuban pine 
232,000,000,000 ft. ; short-leaf pine, 160,000,000,000, 
and loblolly pine, 102,000,000,060 ft., making a total 
of 494,000,000,000 ft., board measure. The long-leaf 
pine is known to be superior to all the other species 
in strength and durability. In tensile strength it is 
said to approach, and perhaps surpass, cast-iron. 
In cross-breaking strength it rivals the oak, requir¬ 
ing, it is stated, ic.ooo lbs. pressure per square inch 
to break it. In stiffness, it is superior to oak by from 
50 to 100 per cent. It is best adapted and much 
used for the construction of heavy work in ship¬ 
building ; the inside and outside platfking of vessels 
taking the deals and planks of the best quality. For 
house building it is used almost entirely in the dis¬ 
trict of Pensacola, and in buildings for railroads, 
railroad cross-ties, viaducts, and trestles, this wood 
is foremost. The finer grades and the "curly" 
woods are very much used for the timber work in the 
best dwellings. The hardness of this wood especially 
fits it for planks and flooring. 
The finer grades of curly-pine are used for the 
manufacture of furniture, and it is said that for 
bedsteads it is admirably adapted, as the resinous 
wood prevents the inroads of insects and similar 
pests. The resinous products of pine wood supply 
many parts of the world with pitch, resin, and 
turpentine. And, contrary to opinion formerly held 
in this respect, it is said that the tapping of the pine 
tree for turpentine strengthens, instead of weakens, 
the wood. The Cuban pine is like the long-leaf pine, 
and is used in trade to a large extent. The short- 
leaf pine is a softer wood, and is more easily worked. 
This wood is admirable for bouse work, and is 
largely used by builders and cabinet-makers and for 
other purposes. The loblolly pine is suited for 
rougher work than the other two species, but it is not 
so strong, and it will not last so long as the others. 
It is stated, in a recent report of the United States 
Department of Agriculture, that in respect of the 
pine forests of the Southern States, the supply is 
good for fifty years to come.— Journal of the Society of 
Arts. 
---- 
©Iqamnga from lint SDmfltr 
of SrtencB. 
Lichens and the Bordeaux Mixture. —About 
eighty trees in the Bartlett Pear Orchard, near 
Scotland, Va., on the James River, United States, 
and about seventeen or eighteen years planted, were 
headed down to the trunk and main branches because 
they were very much infested with Lichens. Some 
fungicides were then applied to them with the object 
of testing if any of them would effectively destroy 
the Lichens. The Bordeaux Mixture proved the 
most efficacious remedy. A very strong preparation 
was made, consisting of six pounds of sulphate of 
copper and four pounds of lime in eleven gallons of 
water, and this was applied to the trees by means of 
a brush, about two-thirds of the trees being treated 
in this way on the 16th of March. They were 
visited again on the 8th of April, and were found to 
be all dead. Later on some spraying operations 
were accomplished with the same ratio materials 
diluted with fifty gallons of water to destroy leaf 
blight without intention of treating the Lichens, but 
soon after it was discovered that where the latter 
had been well sprayed, though unintentionally with 
that dilute mixture, they were all dead. Spraying 
with the regular formula (six pounds of sulphate of 
lime and four pounds of lime in twenty-two gallons 
of water) would therefore be an effective remedy for 
Lichen. The above experiments are recorded in the 
American Journal of Mycology, vol. vii., p. 265. 
Chemical action of Bordeaux Mixture on 
Lichens. —In the course of a minute or two after the 
mixture has been applied to the Lichens, the clear 
liquid drops with the blue copper compound sus¬ 
pended in them, turn to a yellowish hue. Some 
drops were removed in a glass tube to note whether 
the change was real and permanent or only made 
apparent by the colour of the Lichens, but the drops 
retained their yellow hue. When left on the 
Lichens the drops disappear in about fifteen minutes, 
partly by evaporation and partly absorbed by the 
Lichens. In order to determine whether there was 
some substance in the Lichens which acted on the 
blue precipitate, some of the clear liquid was 
separated from the latter, but when applied to the 
Lichens had no effect upon them, and lime alone was 
without effect. The mixture applied to green algae 
gave no results. There would therefore seem to be 
some mutual reaction between the Bordeaux Mixture 
and the fungus portion of the Lichens, otherwise it is 
difficult to see how an insoluble compound could 
penetrate and destroy them. The point deserves 
some further elucidation, as it may throw some light 
upon the action of the Bordeaux Mixture and other 
insoluble copper preparations upon fungi. The 
experiments were carried out by Mr. M. B. Waite, 
as recorded in the American Journal of Mycology, 
vol. vii., p. 267. 
Some Facts about Club-root Spores. —An 
article on the fungus (Plasmodiophora Brassicae) 
which causes club root or finger-and-toe in Cabbages, 
Turnips, etc., appears in the recent issue of the 
"Journal” of the the Royal Agricultural Society, and 
is from the pen of Mr. W. Carruthers, F.R.S. The 
spores are round and so excessively minute that it 
takes 16,000 to make a line one inch long ; 250,000,000 
would lie on a square inch of space; and it would 
take 4,000,000,000,000 of them to make a cubic inch. 
These spores remain through the winter without 
germinating, it may be in the earth, in the diseased 
Turnip, or on the dung heap. If the Turnips are 
not too bad to be given to cattle, the spores pass 
through the intestines of the latter without injury 
or loss of germinating power. These spores 
germinate in spring, and leaving their cell wall make 
their way through the soil in the same way as the 
minute animalcule familiar to microscopical students 
under the name of amceba. They search for the 
roots of Turnips, Cabbages, Broccoli, Brussels 
Sprouts, Wallflower, Candytuft, or other members 
of the family. Both gardeners and farmers ought 
to be careful therefore what they do with their 
diseased or clubbed plants. Frequently, however, 
they are not even removed from the ground, but 
simply dug down to repeat the evil during the 
following summer. 
Remedies for* Club noot.—In gardens every 
clubbed plant of the Brassica tribe should be dug 
up, and all the roots that can be laid hold of 
collected and burnt in a heap. This could be done 
by first lighting a good fire of prunings and other 
materials such as are always plentiful in gardens, 
and then placing the chubbed roots upon this fire. 
There will still be numerous spores in the ground, 
and they may be treated with gas lime or ordinary 
quicklime applied in autumn or some time in spring 
before fresh crops are planted. None of the Cabbage 
tribe should be planted on the same piece of ground 
that was .badly affected the previous summer ; but 
crops belonging to altogether different orders may 
be grown there for a year or two at least. This evil 
is in itself one good reason for practising a rotation 
of crops. On a large scale, that is, for field culture, 
farmers have found the cheapest and most effective 
remedy to be lime, applications of which kill the 
resting spores, or when germinating and the naked 
masses of protoplasm from the spores are moving 
about through the soil in quest of fresh food in the 
form the roots of Cruciferous plants. Carbon 
bisulphide also kills the fungus when applied to soils, 
but it is dangerous to human life if not carefully 
handled, and is more expensive. 
-- 
New Roses at the Arnold Arborteum.— Mr. Dawson 
is greatly pleased with the results of some of his 
Rose crosses made in the fall of 1891. Several are 
now blooming for the first time. One is General 
Jacqueminot crossed with Wichuraiana, having a 
flower almost identical in colour and form with 
Souvenir de la Malmaison. The foliage is thick and 
glossy like that of Wichuraiana, but much larger. 
Out of the same seed pod came a variety with the 
trailing habit of Wichuraiana, but with very double, 
deep rose coloured flowers of rather small size, but 
exceedingly abundant. These Roses were spoken of 
very highly by Mr. W. C. Barry, of Rochester, 
N.Y., who recently visited the arboretum. 
