July 29, 1893. 
THE GARDENING WORLD. 
755 
Strawberries. 
Clear all beds of weeds and runners except such as 
are required for layering. This work should be got 
on with as fast as possible. The Noble runners that 
were layered some weeks since are all well rooted 
and ready for planting. Plant them on a warm 
border which has been well manured and deeply 
dug,and they will make good crowns for next season's 
crop. Any old beds that are not wanted should be 
cleared away, anti the ground used for Coleworts or 
some other late crop. Potting for forcing may be 
now proceeded with as fast as the runners are ready. 
Some growers like to pot early and get the pots 
very full of roots ; this may be the best for very 
early forcing, but for late forcing and frames nothing 
is gained by early potting, in fact, 1 have seen very 
good crops obtained from plants lifted from the 
open ground and potted in the early spring.— 
G. H. S. 
Cankered Parsley. 
Our Parsley has gone off, like some directors of 
rotten building societies, and nothing but bankruptcy 
and bare beds stare us in the face. True, there are 
a few plants standing up like sentinels, and proud 
they seem to be in having plenty of space in which 
to show off their yellow leaves. As it seem hopeless 
to think of catching the departed plants, we shall 
have to try a new prospectus and make a new start 
with some fresh seed. We propose to get ready 
some boxes and sow at once for a catch crop to help 
us through the winter. I like the auriferous colour 
when allied to the coin of the realm, but when it 
appears in one’s Parsley bed, truly is it the root of 
evil.— B. L., Lindlev, Huddersfield. 
-- 
TRENTHAM FLOWER 
SHOW. 
Visitors to Trentham last week, on the occasion of 
the holding of the sixth annual exhibition of the 
Trentham and Handford Horticultural Society, not 
only enjoyed the pleasure inseparable from the 
inspection of a finer show than any which preceded 
it—-which is saying a great deal, considering the high 
position which the society’s shows have attained— 
but also of observing that in the princely gardening 
establishment the much-needed improvements are 
rapidly being taken in hand. During the later years 
of the late Duke of Sutherland’s life Trentham 
fell from its once proud position and for a 
time was little better than a market garden. 
Those degenerate days have now happily passed 
away, and the glory of Trentham is coming once 
more into the ascendant. The new Duke and 
Duchess have decided tendencies in the direction of 
horticulture, and with such a skilful man at the 
helm as Mr. Peter Blair, it will not be long before 
we shall see Trentham as of yore—one of the British 
Meccas of horticultural pilgrims. 
The Trentham executive were again favoured with 
delightful weather, and the combined attractions of 
the ducal demesne, the very fine show, and the 
Royal Engineers' band, drew an immense attend¬ 
ance from all parts of the Potteries. There was also 
a large attendance of horticulturists, the result, in a 
great measure, of the doubling of the value of the 
prizes, which largely increased the number of entries 
in all classes over those of any previous year. The 
groups have always been at Trentham one of the 
special features of the show, and this year there was 
no exception to the rule. Their quality was very 
high, as may be gleaned from the fact of such a 
master of the business as Mr. Cypher being only 
able to get in third. The premier award was well 
won by Mr. Edmunds, gardener to the Duke of St. 
Albans, Bestwood, Notts, whose arrangement was 
perfect in every way ; and second honours were 
taken by Mr. Webb, gardener to J. H. Manners 
Sutton, Esq., Kelham Hall, Newark. 
Fruit in all sections was well represented, and the 
number of bunches of Grapes alone was 265. The 
competition with a collection of nine dishes was Very 
keen, resulting in a win for Mr. Mclndoe, Hutton 
Hall, who had a grand lot. Mr. Goodacre, Elvaston 
Hall, Derby, was an exceedingly good second, and 
Mr. Dawes, gardener to Mrs. Meynell-Ingram, third. 
Mr. G. Reynolds, Gunnersbury Park, Acton, came 
in first for six dishes, Mr. Mclndoe being second, and 
Mr. Edmunds third. The finest Black Hamburgh 
Grapes were staged by Mr. Craven, Allerton, 
Liverpool, and Lord Hotham's gardener showed the 
best Muscats. The best six dishes of vegetables came 
from Mr. Wilkins, Inwood House, Henstridge, and 
the examples staged in the cottagers’ classes were 
better than ever. 
The Roses were both good and plentiful, and the 
Yorkshire growers were again triumphant, the 
Messrs. Harkness taking first honours for forty-eight, 
thirty-six, and twenty-four blooms respectively, 
while Mr. H. Merryweather of Southwell, scored 
second honours with forty-eight and twenty-four, 
and Messrs. Cocker & Sons, Aberdeen, with thirty- 
six, the same firm being also first for eighteen. 
Messrs. M. Jenkinspn & Son, Newcastle, secured 
several premiers in the cut flower and bouquet 
classes, and in the latter section, Messrs. Perkins & 
Son were a good second. Mr. Taylor and his 
Committee worked hard to ensure the arrangements 
running smoothly, and as usual succeeded admirably 
in their efforts. 
-—lo- 
NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE 
FLOWER SHOW. 
The directors of the Durham, Northumberland and 
Newcastle-upon-Tyne Botanical and Horticultural 
Society are to be congratulated upon the success 
which resulted last week from the amalgamation of 
their summer programme with that of the Northum¬ 
berland Agricultural Society, the combination of 
attractions having drawn a large attendance on both 
days. This society is the oldest of its kind in 
England, having been established in 1824, and like 
many another ancient institution has suffered from 
the vicissitudes of fortune; but with courage and energy 
at its business head the society seems to overcome all 
disasters—and it has had its share of them of late 
years—and carries on a noble work in the northern 
coaly sea port. The advancement of the date from 
August to July naturally upset the calculations of 
some of the regular exhibitors, but it enabled others 
to come forward, and the result was a most attractive 
display. 
Mr. Letts, of Aske, was in good form with speci¬ 
men plants, winning with eight flowering, eight fine 
foliaged, and three Crotons; his colleague, Mr. 
Nicholas, of Upleatham, scoring with six flower and 
six fine foliaged Exotic Ferns, and four Ericas; 
while Mr. J. Wood, gardener to E. Hoppen, Esq., 
Morpeth, had the best half-dozen Orchids ; and Mr. 
Stewart, gardener to Sir Wilfrid Lawson, Bart., 
M.P., Brayton, Carlisle, the best three Dracaenas. 
Mr. J. McIntyre, The Gardens, Woodside, Darling¬ 
ton, contributed the best half-dozen table plants, and 
secured awards also in several other classes. The 
Rose classes were of unusual excellence for New¬ 
castle, and here again the Bedale growers who 
have had such a wonderfully successful innings 
this season scored heavily, the Messrs. Harkness & 
Son being first for forty-eight and thirty-six ; Mr. H. 
May first for twelve blooms of any variety ; and Mr. 
A. Whitton first for twenty-four in the amateurs’ 
competition. Messrs. D. & W. Croll, Dundee, had 
the best dozen Teas, and ran a close second in some 
of the other classes. The Messrs. Harkness also 
secured premier honours with cut, hardy, and 
herbaceous plants; and with twenty-four show 
Pansies Mr. J.Proudlock, Bate’s Cottages, Holywell, 
came to the front; while Mr. A. Bailey, Jun., 
Silksworth’s Lane, Sunderland, occupied the premier 
position with a similar number of fancy blooms. 
Mr. H. Brook, florist, Durham, staged the finest 
Pinks, and Mr. T. Flowdy, Gateshead, the best 
Carnations and Picotees. 
In the fruit classes Mr. Mclndoe, Hutton Hall, 
came in first with a meritorious collection of eight 
dishes ; Mr. Hunter, of Lambton, coming in second ; 
and Mr. J. McIntyre third ; but with four dishes 
Mr. Hunter turned the tables on the Hutton Hall 
grower; Mr. McIntyre being again placed third. 
Mr. Hunter also well maintained the reputation of 
Lambton for good Grapes by showing the best four 
bunches ; Mr. Mclndoe scoring again with pairs of 
black and white varieties. Mr. Hunter and Mr. 
Stewart had the best Melons ; Mr. Hunter the best 
Figs ; Mr. McDonald the best Peaches ; Mr. Marr 
the best Nectarines ; Mr. Mclndoe the best Cherries; 
and Mr. T. Battensby, Hagg Hill, Blaydon, the best 
Strawberries. 
The exhibition was also largely indebted to the 
non-competitive contributions of Messrs. W. Fell & 
Co., Hexham ; Messrs. Little & Ballantyne, Carlisle; 
Messrs. Joseph Robson & Sons, Hexham; Messrs. 
Dobbie&Co.,Rothesay, N.B.; Messrs. Kent &Brydon, 
Darlington; Mr. John Forbes, Buccleuch Nurseries, 
Hawick; Mr. John Jennings, Haymarket, New¬ 
castle ; Messrs. W. Edwards & Son, Sherwood, 
Nottingham, and others. 
-- 
(Meaning# fxmn th§ ©artfr 
af Btitnu. 
CEdema of the Tomato. —A disease or patho¬ 
logical phenomenon of the Tomato has been making 
its presence felt in America, in the case of plants 
forced during winter. We shall not describe it, as a 
new disease, for it has occurred in this country more 
often than wanted, and we have had specimens sub¬ 
mitted to us by correspondents, and which we sub¬ 
mitted to microscopical examination in expectation 
that the evil was caused by bacteria. This was 
precisely the view taken by Mr. Geo. F. Atkinson, of 
the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment 
Station, as recorded in Bulletin 53, in which numerous 
illustrations of sections of leaves and stems suffering 
from the evil are given. We did indeed find bacteria in 
fresh sections of the stems submitted to us, as’did Mr. 
Atkinson. The latter, not content with this dis¬ 
covery, made repeated experiments with diseased 
tissue and bacteria with the view of communicating 
the disease to healthy plants, but failed in every 
case. The negative results induced him to think 
that the evil was the result of the disturbance of the 
equilibrium of natural forces and physiological pro-v 
cesses. 
Appearance of the Disease. —The segments of 
the leaves affected become recurved and convex on 
the upper surface instead of being rolled inwards, 
and the plants on the whole present the appearance 
of having been recently transplanted. The midrib, 
petioles, and stems exhibit numerous elevated areas 
of a frosty or crystal appearance, resembling, on 
superficial examination, the work of some fungus, 
Later on the plant suffers great injury, and is unable 
to ripen fruit, if indeed it bears any at all. Trans¬ 
verse sections show that the epidermal cells take on 
an abnormal growth, attaining a size many times 
larger than they ought to be. Generally the cells 
are brick-shaped and grow out at right angles from 
the surface ; indeed, those we examined were of 
enormous length, and recall those seen in transverse 
sections of warted vine leaves, a malady familiar to 
many vine growers. In some cases the epidermis of 
the leaves is easily peeled off, as the cells of which it 
is composed are already mostly separated from the 
rest. 
Production of the Disease by Artificial 
Means. —Experiments were made with the view of 
testing whether the same effects could be reproduced 
by injecting water under pressure in the tissues of 
Tomato shoots, so as to imitate root pressure. The 
shoots were connected with a hydrant on the 5tji of 
December, and on the 8th of the same month, some 
cushions of turgescent tissue began to form, and 
being examined microscopically were found to re¬ 
semble closely those produced under natural con¬ 
ditions. The experiments were continued under 
different, conditions, a glass covering being put over 
the Tomato shoots, so as to confine the moisture 
and resemble a badly-ventilated house in which the 
natural and necessary transpiration of moisture is 
checked. These experiments still more forcibly 
proved that excessive root pressure and an absence 
of transpiration were productive of the disease or 
pathological phenomenon on a still more extensive 
scale. 
Remedies. —There is no doubt that the evil is a 
complicated one, but if entirely confined to plants 
being forced under glass, the evidence is pretty clear 
that the cultural conditions are unsuitable. A close 
and unventilated atmosphere is maintained with the 
idea that a rapid growth is being promoted, whereas 
it usually means an attenuation of the tissues of the 
stems, till they become lanky, drawn, and entirely 
unable to produce fruit. If, as frequently happens 
in our smoky and cloudy atmosphere, we have a dull 
and sunless time,the natural transpiration is checked 
to such a degree that the plants not only suffer from 
CEdema, but fungoid enemies as well. The remedy, 
therefore, is a drier atmosphere, induced by better 
ventilation, just as in the case of vines whose leaves 
have become warted by the same cause. 
