344 
January 28, 1893. 
THE GARDENING WORLD. 
tive ; for if the roots are allowed to get dry, even for 
a short time, the results will be disastrous. Trees 
that are planted out will also require a liberal supply, 
although not necessarily so continuous as in the case 
of pot plants. Their root room should be restricted 
when planted out. 
Orchard House. —Unless the fruit is really 
wanted early, a little care will have to be exercised 
in the amount of artificial heat given, so as not to 
excite the trees during the prevalence of wintry 
weather. Unheated houses will be in little danger 
at present, but whenever sunshine prevails, ventila¬ 
tion should be given to prevent the trees from coming 
into bloom till all danger from frost is over. 
Forced Potatos — It is a difficult matter to keep 
Potatos free from harm and in a healthy condition 
during long continued frosty weather. It is necessary 
to keep the frames heavily matted up at night ; but 
it is equally essential for the welfare of the plants 
that they be exposed to light as long as possible each 
day to ensure sturdy growth and green foliage. 
-- 
Questions add AnsroeKS. 
Propagating Holly. — McG. : The common 
Holly is raised from berries in quantity by putting 
the latter between layers of soil for a year, and then 
sowing them in autumn when most of them will ger¬ 
minate. Some of the variegated varieties produce 
berries, but, of course, cannot be depended upon to 
reproduce themselves true to name or character in 
this way. They should be budded or grafted on the 
seedlings of the common one when they are four or 
five years old. Whip-grafting is most suitable for 
Hollies, and should be done in March. Budding 
may be performed in July when the bark rises easily. 
The variegated varieties are also propagated from 
cuttings of the young wood taken in autumn when 
the shoots have ripened, and firmly inserted in sandy 
soil on a shady border and covered with lights or 
hand-glasses. They root more or less freely the 
following spring. By cuttings, if you manage the 
operation successfully, you could raise a large 
quantity if you have plenty of old plants from which 
to get cuttings. Should you possess only a limited 
number of small plants, then budding would be the 
most practicable and quick way of raising a good 
stock of plants. 
Planting Fruit Trees.— Omega : If you could 
not manage to plant in October and November, the 
next best time would be February and March, early 
in the latter month rather than late, particularly in 
the case of Peaches, Plums, Apricots and Cherries, 
which commence to grow early in spring. Apples 
start later, but in the south of England, even the 
latter must be planted by the end of March. The 
end of March, when all danger of severe frost is 
over, would be the most suitable time to plant Roses; 
but many growers would keep on planting the 
hardier kinds at any time provided the weather is 
open and the ground in suitable condition. We 
have also planted all through April and even in 
May when obliged to, but we would not do so by 
preference. 
Herbaceous Plants.— Omega : Those that are 
perfectly hardy may be planted at any time after the 
stems die down in autumn till they ha-fe commenced 
to grow in spring. By planting in September, Octo¬ 
ber and November, they get partly established long 
before spring, and are therefore better able to with¬ 
stand the drought of summer in dry soils, than if 
they had been planted in spring. March and April 
are however very suitable months for transplanting, 
except in the case of those that start early into 
growth, and even then, if you use proper discretion, 
a great many of them may be transplanted with 
safety provided you water them if it should prove 
necessary till they get established. Tender things 
do best when put out in April, so as to get 
thoroughly established before winter. 
Gumming of Peach Trees. — Omega : If the 
trees are very badly affected, they may be looked 
upon as incurable, and in that case we should replace 
them by healthy young ones. If the disease prevails 
only to a slight extent, then wash the affected parts 
occasionally in moist weather so as to wash away 
the fungus germs. Badly affected shoots might be 
cut away and burned, but this must be done with 
caution because severe pruning is one of the chief 
means by which the trees are made liable to attack, 
and opens up a way for the entrance of the spores. 
Should the trees be planted in very rich soil, they 
grow too strongly thus necessitating severe pruning, 
and sometimes the removal of large branches. By 
transplanting into poorer soil you will be able to 
check the exuberance of the trees and thereby 
encourage a slower but more healthy growth, 
and so greatly avoiding the causes that lead to 
gumming. 
Cocoanut Fibre Refuse. — G. L. S : Nursery¬ 
men and florists use Cocoanut fibre refuse largely 
for plunging plants in both under glass and out-of- 
doors, for mulching in summer, for covering plant 
staging with a view to maintaining a moist base for 
the pots to stand upon, and to some extent for mix¬ 
ing with sand, &c., for propagating, and for mixing 
with other things in making up composts for plants. 
Winter Flowering Carnations.— J. H. B., 
Lincoln : We cannot learn that any of them are in 
the trade, but will make further enquiries. 
Pocket Book. — McG.: Not for sale, and of no 
use to you for the special purpose you indicate. 
Cypripedium Dominyanum.— Capt. Robert Twiss: 
The flower you sent reached us in rather a 
dilapidated condition, so that we could hardly 
guess at the colours it possessed when fresh. The 
lip did indeed appear different from that of the type, 
but the pouch itself had become limp, dried up, and 
brown, excepting the portion close to the opening 
and in front. This was brown and would appear to 
have been so when still at its best. The infolded 
sides showed the characters you referred to best, 
being creamy-white with a shade of yellow across 
the middle, and marked there with an arching band 
of rich brown spots instead of rose. It would be 
interesting to keep a watch upon the crown which 
produced the sport in order to see whether it proves 
constant the next time it flowers. If so it would be 
worth the trouble, perhaps, of cultivating as a 
separate variety. For the reasors we stated above, 
we cannot pronounce more definitely upon it at 
present, but should like to see it again. 
Plants Mentioned by Old Writers.— Flos: 
It would be impossible to say with certainty what 
bush was meant by the writer unless he gave a 
description of it. Many old writers ascribed 
remarkable properties to many plants simply 
because they did not understand them. The 
Butcher's Broom (Ruscus aculeatus) or some of the 
Brambles (Rubus) might have killed the other plants 
you mention, but there are many others which might 
have had the same effect to a greater or less extent, 
merely because they might be stronger growers than 
the plants they killed. They could do this simply 
by overshading the plants beneath them, or by 
appropriating all the food and moisture in the soil 
to themselves, thus starving the others. Flowers 
noted for their fragrance, colour, and early flowering, 
are Wallflowers, Violets, Jonquils (Narcissus 
Jonquilla), Primroses, Polyanthus, some Auriculas, 
Lily of the Valley, also varieties of the Poet's 
Narcissus (Narcissus poeticus), and others. You 
may take it for granted that all are more or less 
common flowers rather than otherwise. 
Carnations not rooted. — G.B.: Surely you 
must have put down the layers very late in the 
season, or failed to keep them moist after being 
layered, or the work was improperly done. At all 
events you could now lift them, potting them up 
singly in small pots and plunge them in a mild hot¬ 
bed. Under those conditions they will soon form 
roots, and be ready for planting out in April. After 
they have formed roots, gradually harden them off 
in a cold frame before putting them in the open air. 
McIntosh’s Practical Gardener .”— J. W,: 
There is a new edition of this work by Mr. J. 
Anderson, published by Mackenzie, price 38s. The 
Gardener's Assistant, by R. Thompson, price 35s., is 
altogether better value for the money. It is pub¬ 
lished by Blackie & Son. You can sometimes pick 
up either of the books second-hand on the book¬ 
stalls at very reasonable prices. 
Fern Spores. — R. P. : The newspaper containing 
the spores must be damp. Dry it gently and the 
spores will easily be removed. Mix up some ordi¬ 
nary loam w’ith a good quantity of sand, and sift it 
through a fine seive. Take some 48-size pots, drain 
them well and fill with the compost, pressing it firm. 
Sow the spores as thinly and evenly as you can on 
the surface, and do not cover them with soil. Plunge 
the pots in cocoanut fibre or ashes, in a frame in a 
warm and moist house. Water the soil in the pots 
before sowing the spores, sow the latter when the 
superfluous moisture has drained away, and cover 
the pots with small squares of glass till the spores 
germinate. If watering becomes necessary after¬ 
wards, stand the pots in pans of water reaching 
nearly to the rim, so that the moisture may rise to 
the surface. 
Communications Recived.— J. W.—H. J. V.— 
W. S.—H. J. C.—R. D —H. T.— J. R.—H. & S.— 
—G. B —A. J. M.—Q. C. F.—J. S.—J. C. & Co. 
--J-- 
TRADE CATALOGUES RECEIVED. 
W. Baylor Hartland, 24, Patrick Street, Cork. 
—Year Book of Seeds. 
John R. Box, Croydon.—Tuberous Begonias, etc. 
George Phippen, Broad Street, Reading.—Select 
List of Garden Seeds. 
H. English, Clevedon, Somerset.—Roses, Fruit 
Trees, Clematis, Greenhouse Plants, &c. 
W. Drummond & Sons, Stirling, N.B.—Garden 
Seed Catalogue. 
H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, Kent.—Vegetable 
and Flower Seeds. 
Dicksons & Co., 1, Waterloo Place, Edinburgh.— 
Garden Seeds, and Select Catalogue of Fruit Trees. 
Thomas Laxton, Bedford.—New Vegetables for 
1893. 
W. Clibran & Son, 10 and 12, Market Street, 
Manchester.—Vegetable and Flower Seeds. 
Harrison & Sons, Leicester.—Vegetable and 
Flower Seeds, etc. 
LONDON SEED TRADE, 
January 23 rd, 1893. 
Messrs. Hurst & Son, 152, Houndsditch, and 39, 
Seed Market, Mark Lane, report a brisk demand 
for Clover Seeds, medium grade English Reds meet¬ 
ing a ready sale. Foreign Red Clover steady. White 
Clover easier. Alsike unchanged. Trefoil 2s. per 
cwt. dearer. French and Italian Ryegrasses higher, 
supplies short. 
COVENT GARDEN MARKET. 
January 25th, 1893. 
Fruit.—Average Wholesale Prices. 
s. d s. d.\ 
s. d . 
s . d . 
Grapes.... 
.per lb. 06 20 
Pine apples. 
Kent Cobs... 100 lb. 120 0 125.0 
—St. Michael’s, each 2 6 
6 0 
Peaches .. 
.. per dozen 
ADDles...peri sieve i o 
3 6 
Melons ... 
.each 
Plums...per \ sieve 
Vegetables.—Average Rstail Prices. 
x. d. x. d. 
s . d . 
x. d . 
ArtichokesGlobedoz. 30 60 Lettuces ...per dozen 16 20 
Beans, French, perlb. 1 o Mushrooms, p. basket 13 20 
Beet.per dozen 20 30 Onions.per bunch 04 06 
Cabbages ... per doz. 16 26 Parsley ... per bunch o 6 
Carrots ... per bunch 1 0 Radishes... per dozen i_6 
Cauliflowers, Eng.dz. 30 50 Seakale . per bkt 2^0 3 o 
Celery.per bundle 2 6 Smallsalading,punnet o 4 
Cucumbers .each o 9 16 Spinach ... per strike 1 6 
Endive. French, doz. 26 3 0 j Tomatos. per lb. o 9 1 
Herbs .per bunch 02 06 Turnips.per bun. 0 6 
Horse Radish, bundle 2040 
Potatos. —Kent Regents, Sos. to 100s. per ton; Kent Kidneys 
80s. to 100s. per ton ; Champions, 70s. per ton. 
Plants in Pots.—Average Wholesale Prices. 
, d. x. d. 
Azaleas ... per doz. 24 o 42 o 
Cyclamen per doz ... 9 o 24 o 
Cyperns .per doz. 40120 
Cineraria ...per doz. 8 o 12 o 
Dracaena term., doz. 24 o 36 o 
Dracaena viridis,doz. 9 0 18 o 
Erica Hyemalis, doz. 12 o 18 o 
Evergreens,invar.doz 6 o 24 o 
Ferns, invar..per doz. 4 0 18 o 
Ferns, small, per 100 6 o 10 o 
Chrysanthemum, doz. 4090 
f. d . s . d 
Foliage Plants, doz. 12 0 60 0 
Hyacinths, doz. pots 8 o 15 o 
Lily of theValley doz. 
pots 12 o 24 o 
Marguerites, peraoz. 6 o 12 o 
Palms in variety,each 2 6 10 o 
Palms, Specimen ... 15 o 63 0 
Poinsettia...per doz. 10 0 15 o 
Primula Sinensis 
per doz. 40 60 
Solanums.per doz. g o 12 o 
Tulips 
-various. 8 o 12 
Cut Flowers.—Average Wholesale Prices. 
s. d. s d 
Anemones, doz. bnch 40 60 
Azalea, doz sprays.0 6 
Arum Lilies, 12 blms. 4 o 
Bouvardias, per bun. o 6 
Carnations. 12blooms 2 0 
Chrysanthemum,dz bn6 o 15 o 
Camellias doz blooms 104 
Cyclamen doz bloomso 6 
Eucharis ...per doz. 5 o 
Euphorbia Jackminafo- 
lia, doz. sprays 1 o 
Gardenias 12 bloomsi2 o 24 0 
Heliotropes. 1 2 sprays 06 09 
Hyacinths, doz. spikes3 o 
Hyacinths Roman 
doz. sprays o 6 
Lilac, White, French, 
per bunch... 3 o 
Lilium Harrisii, 
doz. blooms 6 o 
LilyoftheVaileydz.sps.o 6 
Maidem;airFern,i2bs. 6 o 
Margueiites, 12 bun. 4 o 
6 0 
1 o 
4 o 
o 9 
6 o 
4 o 
6 o 
5 o 
9 o 
1 6 
9 o 
6 6 I 
X. d. s. d 
Mimosa (French)p.bb. 10 16 
Mignonette... 12 bun. 20 40 
Xarcisse, various, doz. 
bnchs . 40 60 
Pelargoniums, 12 sps. 09 10 
— scarlet.12 bchs. 6 0 12 o 
Primula, double, bun. 06 10 
Oi chid Bloom in var. 
per bloom, from 03 10 
Roses, yellow, dozen 30 60 
— French, per bnch 16 40 
— French, 100 blms 6 o 12 o 
— Red.doz. blms. 20 40 
— Saffrano...per doz. 20 30 
— Tea.per dozen 10 30 
Tuberoses, per doz 10 16 
Tulips, red, per doz. 09 10 
— White, per doz. ... 1 b 26 
— Yellow, per doz.... 16 20 
Violets,Parma. French 
per bunch .. 76 90 
— Czar, French, bun. 20 40 
Small „ doz. bun. 40 60 
GOKTE1TTS. 
PAGE r AGE 
Apple Blue Pearmaiu .340 Gardeners' Calendar.3^3 
Apples, late keeping _337 Gardening Cbari ies .335 
Auriculas in January.340 Gardeners’ Improvement 
Azalea Mrs. Stogdon.342 . Association .339 
Begonias, Tuberous .338 , Hudson River, up the .33S 
Bromeba fastuosa . 342 Obituary.343 
Callipsyche aurantiaca.342 Planting .336 
Carnations, dressing.33S Plants, new. Certificated ...340 
Catileya labiata alba.343 Societies.343 
Cattleya 1 ercivaliana alba 342 South Devon Fruit Form ...337 
Chrysanthemums, new.340 Trees in Frerch Cities.342 
Cyrtanthus carneus .342 Yeitch Memorial Prizes ...338 
Floral Committee Awards...342 Violas, hybrid .340 
F.oriculture .340 Vegetable Garden, the .... 339 
Fruit Imports . 336 
ANTHRACITE COAL. 
The British public are only just beginning to ap¬ 
preciate Anthracite Coal for house (in stoves) and hor¬ 
ticultural puposes ; those trying it, should take care 
that no poor quality is supplied, as it is injurious both 
to the health of people and plants (as is also Gas 
Coke) from the sulphur fumes given off. 
Should you have difficulty in getting DOBELL'S 
“ Trm Vein ” from your own Coal Merchant, write 
direct to Messrs. DOBELL & Co., Rock Castle Colliery, 
Llandebie, South Wales, fortbe Analysisand Price List, 
giving the name of station where the Coal is required, 
and whether for malting, hop-picking, or conservatory 
use. “ True Vein ” gives off No Smoke and no Sulphur. 
THE GARDENERS ORPHAN FUND. 
N otice. 
THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING of the 
Subscribers to this Fund will be held at the Cannon 
Street Hotel, on Friday, February 3 rd next, for the 
purpose of receiving the Report of the Committee 
and the accounts of the Fund for 1S92, Electing 
Officers for the ensuing year, and for the Election of 
Eight Children to the benefits of the Fund. 
The Chair will be taken at 2 o'clock precisely, 
and the Ballot will close at 4 o’clock. 
A. F. BARRON, Hon. Secretary. 
Royal Horticultural Society’s Gardens, Chiswick. 
January, 1S93. 
P S.—The Voting Papers have all been issued. 
Any Subscriber not having received one is requested 
to communicate with the Secretary. 
