THE GARDENING WORLD. 
March 25, 1893. 
472 
America, but whether this is a fact or not we are not 
in a position to say. Several of the leading Ameri¬ 
can entomologists dispute the point, and would fain 
place its introduction in the reverse direction from 
that generally admitted. But it matters little to us 
from whence it came; we know too well of its 
presence, and that it is one of the most troublesome 
pests with which our Apple trees have to contend. 
The first record of its appearance in Europe was, I 
believe, in 1787. In England it was first discovered 
in a nursery near London, in which were some Apple 
trees imported from North America. 
Its presence is easily detected by the white cottony 
growth on the insects ; where they are plentiful they 
have the appearance of a piece of cotton wool 
sticking to the bough. It is also from this woolly 
growth with which the insect is more or less covered 
that it takes the name of the woolly aphis. It is also 
known as the Apple-bark plant-louse. It is mostly 
found on neglected trees, in the crevices of the bark 
or where a branch has been cut or broken off; in 
fact, anywhere that the bark has been injured it 
takes advantage of and sets up its abode, hence the 
necessity of careful pruning and the removal of any 
loose and dead bark. It may how-ever be found on 
any part of the tree where the bark is not too hard 
for the insect to pierce with its sucker; it lives on the 
sap of its host, but this is not its worst point, for it 
is the diseased growth which it causes that is most 
injurious. Nature, anxious to repair the damage of 
one season, forms fresh tissue round the cankerous 
wound the next; but this only makes matters worse, 
for the new growth is attacked by the insects in like 
manner, and in time the branch is destroyed and the 
tree rendered useless. 
If the branches of the tree do not afford a con¬ 
venient hiding place during winter, the insect hiber¬ 
nates in the soil, returning to the attack with the 
warmer days of spring. 
It also infests the roots, doing very serious 
damage, for the mischief is often far advanced 
before you are aware of it. In this immediate 
neighbourhood it does not seem to trouble the roots 
much, but I have seen it very bad in other places. 
In a nursery in which I once worked we lifted many 
a score of young Apples with the roots literally 
covered with this pest, and dipped them in a mixture 
of sulphur, soot and paraffin, replanting in a fresh 
piece of ground. This is why the Colonial nursery¬ 
men have selected Apples for stocks which they 
know to be proof against American blight, and by 
working them well above ground they can insure the 
roots and part of the stem being clean. The insect 
which does all this damage is a very insignificant 
little creature, when taken individually ; it is about 
a twelfth of an inch long, and about a twentieth 
broad. The wingless females are oval in shape and 
of a reddish brown colour, and they produce multi¬ 
tudes of living larvae like themselves, on a smaller 
scale. From about the end of July onwards winged 
viviparous females are produced. The males are 
winged and much smaller than the females. 
There are many well known remedies for Ameri¬ 
can Blight. Removing the surface soil from under 
the trees in winter is sure to take away a number of 
the insects, and various mixtures cf soft-soap, sul¬ 
phur, Gishurst’s Compound, Fir tree oil', paraffin, 
and in fact any substance that is of an oily, greasy 
or sticky nature, will effect a cure if applied to the 
insects. One of the best and surest is paraffin, ap¬ 
plied with a painter’s brush, but care must be exer¬ 
cised in its use as it will kill the young wood if 
applied to it. It is a good plan, where the insects 
cannot be got at in the holes in old trees, to fill up 
the holes with soap or some other like substance, 
which will kill the Aphides by choking up their 
pores. 
The Codlin Moth. 
The Apple-grub (Carpocapsa pomonella), more com¬ 
monly known as the codlin moth, is the ifisect which 
causes the grubby Apples with which we are all so 
familiar. In June or July the moth lays an egg in 
the eye of the young growing Apple, from which the 
caterpillar or maggot is hatched and gnaws its way 
into the Apple, avoiding the core. As it grows it 
continues its course through the Apple until the 
opposite side or stem end of the Apple is reached, 
when it pierces the skin to form an outlet for its ex¬ 
creta, and then turns back to the centre of the Apple, 
piercing the'core and sometimes feeding on the 
pips. This is what causes the Apples to fall before 
ripening. The larvae is about half an inch long, and 
slightly hairy, with a brown or black head ; the 
body is a yellowish or pinkish white colour, with a 
dark line down the back and two rows of spots on 
each side. It soon quits the fruit after it falls, and 
seeks a convenient hiding place on the tree or anything 
that is handy. It then spins itself into a cocoon and 
passes the winter in the pupa state. With the in¬ 
creasing warmth of the season the moths are hatched 
in June, and soon after pair, and egg-laying is soon 
commenced. 
As it is well known the caterpillars crawl up the 
stems of the trees to find a hiding-place in which to 
change to the chrysalis form ; they, however, avail 
themselves of any convenient shelter, and straw or 
hay bands tied round the trunk of the tree will trap 
great numbers of them. Traps should also be set in 
the forks of the trees, to catch any that have 
remained in the branches, and in the autumn both 
these and the bands should be burnt. And many 
grubs can be destroyed by collecting and using or 
destroying all fallen Apples before they get time to 
escape. Spraying the trees with a liquid mixture of 
Paris green is strongly recommended by several 
people. Prof. F. W. Webster, of Purdue University, 
U.S.A., recommends one pound of the powder to 140 
or 150 gallons of water, to be applied in the form of 
a spray after the bloom has fallen, and before the 
calyx end of the fruit has turned downwards. The 
same authority recommends three sprayings in the 
season at intervals of ten days to a fortnight. Only 
enough of the mixture should be used to wet the 
foliage without drenching it, as it has been found 
that with this amount enough of the poison will 
become lodged in the calyx of the Apple to destroy 
the young grub as soon as it hatches and starts on 
its work of destruction. Some eight years ago there 
was a great scare in the South of New Zealand 
regarding the codlin moth, and a quantity of 
Australian Apples were not permitted to be landed, 
but sent out to be buiied at sea. And the govern- ' 
ment intend bringing in a bill next session of Parlia¬ 
ment called the “ Codlin Moth Bill,” dealing with it 
and other pests. 
(To be continued.) 
--i-- 
FROZEN FLOWERS FROM 
NEW ZEALAND. 
A large company assembled on the afternoon of the 
24th ult. at the gallery of the Ipswich Fine Art 
Club, to inspect the frozen flowers from New 
Zealand, which Mr. E. Herbert Fison had kindly 
placed at the disposal of the Scientific Society. 
Notwithstanding a notice which was issued to the 
effect that, owing chiefly to exposure and rough 
treatment during the Customs House examination 
in London, the specimens were defective, we are 
informed that a larger number of persons paid for 
admission to the gallery than on any previous occa¬ 
sion. The flowers were all gathered last November 
within twelve miles of Wellington, New Zealand. 
In every case they] were perfect in form, and in 
several perfect in colour, though obscured to a cer¬ 
tain extent by the air bubbles which had formed 
around their petals and leaves. This, however, in 
some cases added to their beauty and gave a silvery 
lining to the leaves and flowers which otherwise 
appeared to be discoloured by contact with the ice. 
It was explained that this discolouration was not 
caused by the ice, but by the air bubbles themselves, 
which form immediately the ice begins to thaw. It. 
appears that when well-frozen the ice is perfectly 
clear, and the flowers inside are as perfect in form 
and colour as when freshly gathered. They are seen 
in this condition when the ice is first exposed after 
its long journey, but after exposure they quickly 
deteriorate. 
The most beautiful specimens were undoubtedly 
the varieties of Erica (Heaths). These retained their 
colour perfectly. Especially noticeable was a bright 
yellow variety Generally the flowers, and these 
Heaths in particular, were larger than English 
specimens. It should be said that they were 
mostly not New Zealand or Australian native 
flowers, but garden-grown. None of them 
were grown under glass. After the Ericas 
the Boronia pinnata was most admired. This 
specimen seemed to have suffered no harm whatever 
from its entombment in its icy prison, its bunch of 
pink flowers being strikingly beautiful. Milla laxa 
also was very pretty, though somewhat obscured, and 
it was a common remark that one would like to see 
the ice thaw, so that its exquisite blue flowers could 
be more closely examined. This remark, indeed, 
was often heard of many of the flowers, and as cer¬ 
tain delicate leaves and petals gradually appeared 
through the thawing ice they were regarded with in¬ 
creased interest. We must say that their appearance 
did not generally bear out Mr. Fison’s statement, 
that exposure to the air meant immediate decay. 
The Roses naturally attracted great attention, and 
it was considered that these and the Lilies, of which 
there were several specimens, were the least success¬ 
ful. In both cases the colour was destroyed, though 
the magnificent size and forms of the flowers were 
evident. The Roses were a dark dull red or purple, 
and some of the Lilies had lost their colour alto 
gether, so that it was with difficulty their shapely 
forms could be traced through the ice. There was a 
remarkably fine specimen of the Marquise de Cas- 
tellane Rose, which seemed to spread out over the 
whole of a large block of ice. The colour was 
spoiled, but the form was perfect, and the specimen 
was the object of much interest to several experts 
present. Then a group of three apparently dark red 
seedling Roses was very striking, though the colour 
was a dark purple, approaching black. Strange to 
say, the scent of these Roses was distinctly notice¬ 
able through the apparently solid ice, and we were 
told that when first opened this was observed to a 
most remarkable degree, and that it was by no 
means the scent of decay, but that of a freshly- 
gathered Rose. It is impossible to describe all the 
other specimens, many of which were well worthy of 
notice ; but we must mention the Andromeda puL 
verulenta, with its white and wax-like flowers, and 
its leaves covered with a mealy glaucescence, all of 
which were seen in great perfection. The "bottle 
brush,” a well-known Australian Evergreen shrub, 
was also there, the large flower looking very striking 
and true to its name. The specimens of Rhododen¬ 
dron and Gladiolus were fairly perfect, and attracted a 
good deal of attention, as also did the Carnations. 
ORCHID HOTEsInTgLEANINGS, 
The undermentioned Orchids were exhibited at 
the meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society on 
the 14th inst., and were accorded certificates accord¬ 
ing to merit. 
Leelia vitellina 
In this we have a very distinct hybrid which appeals 
to the Orchid lover on account of its beautiful yet 
peculiar colour. The whole flower, with exception of 
a crimson blotch in the throat of the lip, being of a 
uniform yolk-of-egg colour. This hue it owes to 
Laslia cinnabarina or its variety L. c. harpophylla, 
which was one of the parents. The form of the lip, 
which has the edges of its terminal lobe incurved and 
slightly crisped, would also point to the same origin. 
The sepals are lanceolate, much drawn out to a 
point, the petals lanceolate-elliptic, and the lip three- 
lobed. The small pseudo-bulbs are club-shaped and 
terminated by a solitary, lanceolate, leathery leaf. 
A First-class Certificate was awarded the hybrid 
when exhibited by Baron Schroder (gardener, Mr. H. 
Ballantine), The Dell, Egham. 
Dendrobium nobile Ballianum 
This is the second very distinct and pretty variety 
of the popular, old-fashioned and useful D. nobile 
which has been brought before the public within the 
last few weeks. The sepals and petals in this case 
are pure white, while the lip is of the palest lemon 
yellow Vvith a white tip and a pink blotch in the 
throat, but which does not extend to the base. The 
habit and vigour of the plant is similar to that of the 
ordinary D. nobile. 
Ccelogyne Sanderae. 
This may be described as a neat habited, interesting 
and pretty Ccelogyne, with medium sized flowers. 
The sepals are narrowly lanceolate, the petals nar- 
nowly linear and all creamy white. The lip is white, 
three-lobed, with slightly fringed side lobes, and the 
terminal one more deeply fringed and decidedly 
crimped. There are three fringed lamellae on the 
disc, which are brown on an orange ground on the 
upper portion and pale yellow towards the base. 
Both this and the Dendrobium received First-class 
Certificates when shown by Messrs. F. Sander & 
Co., St. Albans. 
Odontoglossum Ruckerianum splendens. 
O. Ruckerianum^ is itself merely a variety of O. 
crispum, which is subject to an infinite amount of 
