408 
KAMAKICHI KISHINOUYE : 
elongated scales, except in Sarda. Head elonga’ed with a long snout. Mouth 
large, and wide, the maxillary extending beyond the binder margin of the eye. 
Eyes generally small. Posterior margin of the upper jaw, or that of the jugal 
in the strict sense, is more or less rounded, as the supplementary bone is well 
developed. Teeth in jaws are in one row only. They are large, curved inward, 
and compressed with trenchant edges. Tongue large, rounded, convex, but the 
glossohyal is comparatively small and narrow. 
Corselet small, more or less distinct, but its scales are not much specialised. 
Scales small, generally cycloid, and often concealed under the skin. Sometimes 
scales disappear entirely outside of the corselet, lateral line, and caudal peduncle. 
Lateral line sinuous, particularly in the posterior portion of the body, and 
the line is often furnished with many minute branches (figs. 31, 32, 35, 61). 
Eins generally small, especially ventrals, but the caudal fin is compara¬ 
tively large. Fin-rays are not transversely articulated in the adult fish. Pecto¬ 
rals are comparatively small. First dorsal low and long, gradually descend¬ 
ing posteriorly, and its spines are rather weak. First dorsal has generally a 
straight or more or less convex outline, except in Acaniliocybium. Tire first 
spine of the first dorsal is shorter and weaker than some following spines. 
There is scarcely an interspace between the first and second dorsal, and the 
latter is generally a little higher than the first dorsal, except in Gramrnatov'cynus 
and Acaniliocybium,. 
Peritoneum more or less dusty. Stomach long and narrow, with 12-30 
longitudinal folds inside. Pylorus opens very near the cardiac portion ; it is 
long, narrow, descending, and communicates with a narrow opening at the ven¬ 
tral side near the distal end. Duodenum curved or twisted, enlarged with two or 
more brancliiug pyloric tubes high at the posterior side, disposed more or less in a 
whorl roimd the intestine. Pyloric coeca at the end of the terminal branch of 
these tubes branch dendritically. Intestiue is often very long and bent several 
times. 
Skeleton is generally spongy, light, and more or less fragile. It is 
more or less solid in Acaniliocybium and quite firm in Gymnosarda. Skull 
elongated, with low and weak occipital crests. Yomer is generally flat, more 
or less produced, and covered with villiform teeth, except in Sarda and 
Gymnosarda. Anterior lateral corner of the ethmoid is more or less produced. 
