COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SCOMBROID FISHES. 
415 
culating facets of the exoccipitals are nearly horizontal processes not united 
at the middle, they project backward over the condylar facet. The neural 
process of some anterior vertebrae is noticeably broad. 
Stomach coecal, rather short, with about nine longitudinal folds inside. 
Pyloric portion descending, short, and thick walled, with alxnrt five longitudinal 
folds inside. Duodenum obliquely descending. Pyloric coeca short, numerous 
and brandling. These are more or less grouped into several clusters, chiefly 
arranged on special tubular outgrowths. Posterior into the duodenum the 
intestine is nearly straight. The liver is three-lobed, the middle lobe shortest, 
while the right lobe is longest. Ureters are united at the posterior end of the 
blended kidneys. Urinary bladder small, with a short dorsal median septum, 
near the anterior end. Air-bladder well developed. 
The vulgar name oi this fish is kusarah in Ryukyu, meaning perishable, 
as the fish decomposes verj r quickly. The fish is said to be inferior in taste. 
Specimens examined were from the Marshall and Ryukyu Islands. Most of 
them are about thirty cm. in the total length. 
Genus Cybium Cuvier. 
Cybium, Cuvier, 1829, Günther, 196 ). 
Seomberomorus, Lacépède, 1802 ; Dressier & Fesler, 1889 ; Jordan & Evermaun, 189G. 
Body elongated and more or less compressed, covered with thin small 
scales, or sometimes naked outside of the corselet. Top of the head more or less 
convex. Posterior nostrils elliptical. Mouth large, upper jaw extending beyond 
the hind margin of the eye. Posterior end of the upper jaw rounded, and its 
lower margin nearly straight, being formed by the premaxillary only. Teeth 
large, compressed, and curved inward with trenchant edges. Gill-rakers few 
and short. Dentigerous ossicles on the branchial arch are in two rows. Skull 
elongated, with its dorsal surface somewhat flattened, and entirely covered 
with muscles. Occipital crest low, but continuous to the median ridge of the 
fronte Is. Vomer projects as an oval flat process, and is covered with villous 
teeth. Pylorus long and slender. Pyloric coeca dendritic, more or less coarse, 
and open to branches arranged on both sides of pyloric tubules. 
Fishes belonging to tins genus are generally large, and move in shoals, 
inhabiting temperate and tropical regions, where industries of some importance 
