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KAMAKICHI KISHINOUYE : 
The right lobe of the liver is longer than the others. The inner wall of 
the stomach is provided with about 12 longitudinal folds. Intestine slender, 
straight, without any loop. No blind sac to the pylorus. Duodenum saccular, 
more or less flattened, and wide. There are about six pyloric tubes. The 
tube opening just behind the pylorus is longest. No air-bladder. 
The whole body shines with a metallic lustre. The back is light greyish 
blue, washed with green, and the belly silvery. In a living fish we observe a 
purplish shade. Seven or more longitudinal rows of greyish spots are found 
on each side of the body. Some anterior spots in the median row are often 
connected together. The male fish is said to be darker in colour than the 
female. Pectorals, two dorsals, and the caudal are blackish. Yentrals and 
the anal are nearly colourless. Immature fish of about 7 cm lacks markings. 
They are broader, compressed and have a longer head than the adult. 
Grows to a length of about 1 m. and 4.5 kg in weight. A fish under- 
one half metre long, and about one kg in weight is generally immature, and 
is called “sagoshi.” A fish under about two kg in weight is called “ koza- 
wara ” by fish-mongers. 
This species is a good and valuable food-fish, caught all the year round, 
and especially abundant in spring, when the fish spawns. Spawning season 
is from April to May. The ripe ovum is very large, about 1.5 mm in 
diameter. The larval fish is remarkable in having a large head with well 
developed strong teeth in jaws. Immature fish of about 3 cm are found in 
April and May. They grow to 10—20 cm in winter. Those immature fish 
are found in shallow waters and are caught in drag seines for sardine. 
Ovarian ova do not mature at the same time ; but here and there some 
ova become large and transparent, and assemble to the central cavity to be 
discharged. 
Though wanting in the air-bladder this species has a rather wide range 
of vertical distribution, swimming near the surface of water in warm seasons, 
and descending. to the deeper layer of waters in cold seasons. Geographi¬ 
cally tins species is widely and abundantly distributed in coastal waters 
(10—20° C, 1.022—1.024 in density) of our empire ;—Hondo, Shikoku, 
Kyushyu, and Chosen, and also in waters of northern China. Most abundant 
in the middle part of the empire, especially on the coast of the Inland Sea, 
