BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 359 
2377. Riley, C. V. Young grasshoppers. <San Francisco Examiner, 
25 April, 1887. S.-b. No. 63, p. 85. 
Interview with reporter; ravages of and means against Melanoplus \_—Calop- 
tenu8~\ devastator. 
2378. Riley, C. Y. Our shade trees and their insect defoliators. Be¬ 
ing a consideration of the four most injurious species which 
affect the trees of the capital; with means of destroying them. 
<Bull. No. 10, Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agric. [7 May], 1887, 69, pp. 
27 figs. 
CONTENTS. 
Letter of submittal. 5 
Introduction. 7 
Four principal leaf-eaters. 8 
The imported elm leaf-beetle, Galeruca xanthomelcena . 8 
An importation from Europe. 8 
Habits and natural history. 8 
Remedies. 11 
More recent experience at the Department. 14 
Past history of the elms in question, 14—Condition and charac¬ 
teristics of the grove in 1882 and 1883, 14—Extent of injury in 
1882 and 1883, 14—Preferences of the elm beetles for certain 
varieties, 15—Effects of arsenical poisons on insect and plant, 
15—Preventive effects of the poison, 16—Treatment with Lon¬ 
don purple, 17—Preparation of the poison, 17—Effects of the 
mixture, 17—Treatment with Paris green, 18—Mechanical 
means of applying the poison, 19. 
The bag-worm, Thyridopteryx ephemerceformis . 22 
Habits and natural history. 22 
The eggs, 22—The larva aud its hag, 23—Pupation, 25—The 
imago or perfect insect, 25. 
Geographical distribution. 26 
Food-plants.. 27 
Enemies .. 27 
The white-marked tussock-moth, Orgyia leucostigma . 29 
Habits and natural history. 29 
The eggs, 29—Development and characters of the larva, 29— 
Habits of the larva, 30—Pupation, 30—The imago, 30—Hiberna¬ 
tion, 31—Number of annual generations, 31. 
Food-plants. 31 
Natural enemies and parasites... 31 
Geographical distribution. 33 
The fall web-worm, Hyphantria cunea . 33 
Natural history.•.. 33 
Limitation of broods, 33—The eggs, 34—The larva, 35—Pupa and 
cocoon, 36—The moth, 36. 
Injury done iu 1886 . 37 
Proportionate injury to different plants and shade trees.. 40 
Peculiar effect of defoliation upon some plants. 42 
Enemies of the web-worm other than insects. 43 
Predaceous insect enemies. 44 
Fungus diseases of the web-worm. 46 
Experiments to obtain percentage of diseased caterpillars, 47. 
