Symbols after the reference indicate whether the female, 
male or gall was described. Type locality follows, then 
host of type material, date of emergence of types (if stated) 
and a list of any varieties which have been described. It is 
not usually possible to distincuish varieties in the field. 
In a few cases the reference to the original detailed 
description of the gall by one of the older authors is 
cited altho the name used is not valid because it was a 
trinomial. The species is to be credited to the one who 
first used a binomial. 
The names of the host oaks are not the latest names of 
the botanists but the ones in current use forty years ago 
and the ones on the pin label on the insect# in collection* 
The following usage is here adopted: 
Quercus r ubra 
Quercus falcata 
Quercu s cinere a 
Quercu s c atesba ei 
Qu ercus prinua 
Quercus michauxi i 
Short titles will be used for 
or the northern red oak 
for the Spanish oak 
for the blue Jack or Upland Willow 
for the turkey oak 
for the rock chestnut oak 
for the basket oak. 
the following papers: 
Genus Cynips for Kinsey 1950J Higher Categories for Kinsey 1956. 
The form of specific names and authority for them conforms 
to the usage in Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico , 1951. 
The six genera of inquillnes or guests are unable to stimulate a plant to 
form a gall but lay their egga in the peripheral regions of galls made by other 
genera and may modify its structure and often its size. Guests usually emerge 
after the maker. Then there are many parasites (mostly chalcids) that attack 
either the maker or the guests and they may modify its size and structure in a 
characteristic way. For example Fig. 28J is a common gall on rose from which 
no gall maker has ever been reared. What gall was attacked in its early stages 
is not known. 
In some genera of the oak gall makers there is an alternation of generations. 
From one kind of gall only females emerge. They oviposit in another part of the 
host and an entirely different gall results from which both males and females 
emerge. These females produce the first kind of gall again. Thus an agamic and 
a sexual generation alternate in a cycle that takes one or more years. The agamic 
females are relatively long-lived and develop from firm galls that have taken 
months or a year to develop. The adults of the sexual generation are smaller, are 
short-lived and emerge from galls that have developed quickly - in a few weeks in 
spring. Several such alternations are listed for this area usually based on 
circumstantial evidence. Several genera are based on agamic females only:Philonix, 
Phylloteras.Xystoteras,Adleria,Disholcaspis,Zopheroterae,Trisoleniella, Odonto- 
cynips.Holocynips. No doubt there ia an alternating generation for each. 
25 
