FOOD AND HABITAT. 
29 
4. Leaf and Stem Miners.— 1 The Hispids and Halticids among 
Chrysomelids, and many Tineids mine under the epidermis of green leaves 
and green stems. Exceptional Micropterygids, Buprestids (Trachys), 
and Acalyptrate Muscids are also recorded. 
5. Leaf and Stem Suckers.—T he Thy sampler a, the whole of the 
Homoptera and Phytophthires, as well as most of the species of the fol¬ 
lowing families of Hemiptera live by sucking the sap of green parts of 
plants : — Pentatomidce, Coreidce , Berytidce , Lygceidce, Pyrrhocoridce , Tingi- 
dce, Capsidce. 
6. Leaf Eating Insects.—A ll Phasmidce and Acridiidce, most 
Locustidce, some Gryllidce feed on leaves, as too do the larvae of Tenthre¬ 
dinidce, Melolontliid beetles, a few exceptional Carabids and Silphids, 
Epilachnids in both stages, Cantharid beetles, Chrysomelids in both 
stages, and Curculionids (rarely in the larval, almost always in the 
imaginal stage) have the same habit. The larvae of Lepidoptera in 
most cases are purely leaf eating. 
7. Gall Insects.— In India, the known gall insects are typically 
Psyllids, Tineids, Chalcids (fig insects) and Cecidomyiids, the first pre¬ 
dominating. Other families recorded elsewhere are Tenthredinidce 
( Nematus ), Cynipidce, Buprestidce ( Ethon ), Curculionidoe , Thysanoptera, 
Aphidce and Coccidce. 
8. Tree-Boring Insects. —The following families make tunnels in 
trees ; Siricidce, Buprestidce , Cerambycidce, Curculionidce, Scolytidce, 
( ? Brenthidse), Sesiidce f Cossidce , Hepialidce, Arbelidce. 
9. Stem Borers. —A large number of borers live in green succulent 
stems as opposed to those living in hard woody tissues. The families 
concerned are, Gryllidce ( Cylindrodes ), Cephidce, Tenthredinidce , Phala- 
cridce, Erotylidce, Buprestidce , Mordellidce, Curculionidce , Scolytidce , 
(■ Castniidce ), Noctuidce , Pyralidce, Cecidomyiidce, Chloropidce, Agromyzidce, 
Geomyzidce , Ortalidce. 
10. Boot Eating Insects.— Very little is known of the lives 
of underground insects, but the following groups contain species that 
feed on plant roots in the soil. 
Melolonthid larvae. 
Elaterid „ 
