30 
INTRODUCTION. 
Curculionid larvae. 
Pyralid „ (Crambidce, etc.). 
Noctuid ,, (rarely). 
Gryllid nymphs and adults. 
Tipulid larvae. 
A few of the Silphidw (Anisotomides), Dascillidce and Bibionidce 
(Dilophus), have apparently the same habit. 
11. Root Borers. —The Hepialids are conspicucus as root borers ; 
the Sagridce are said to have this habit as have some Eumolpids (Scelo- 
donta) and Galerucids ( Diabrotica , probably Aulacophora) ; some Pyralids 
have it, e.g., Schcenobiince ; exceptional Buprestidce ( Sphenoptera) and 
Curculionidce (Cylas) are also known. 
12 Root Sucking Insects. —Just as there are insects which suck 
plant tissues above ground, so others do below ground, but we know little 
of them. Probably a considerable number of species in the following 
families are concerned : Pentatomidce , Lygceidce, Cicadidce, Fulgoridce, 
Aphidce, Coccidce. In most cases it is probably the immature stages 
that have this habit. The best known example is the Phylloxera of the 
vine. 
13. Internal Parasites of Vertebrates. —The Oestridce are the 
important group in which this habit is universal; the Muscids that cause 
Myiasis may perhaps be included. We omit the many recorded cases of 
insects bred in the human alimentary canal as being exceptional. 
14. External Parasites of Vertebrates. —So much is written 
of these we need only tabulate the families : Hemimeridce (on rats), Mal- 
lophaga, Platypsyllidce (on beavers), Hippoboscidce , Strehlidce, Nycteri- 
biidce, Aphaniptera, Polyctenidce, Cimicidce , Anoplura. We omit the 
non-parasitic biting flies. 
15. Parasites of Insects. —The Parasitica among the Petiolate 
Hymenoptera, the Chrysididce, the parasitic Apidce , and the Tachinidce 
are the common parasitic insects. Other groups are the Mantispides 
(on spiders eggs), the Mordellids ( Emmenadia , etc.) (the Clerides), the Can- 
tharidce and Stylopidce. Of Diptera, little is known, but we may mention 
Nemestrinidce, Bombyliidce, Pipunculidce , Cyrtidce, Conopidce , Anihomyi- 
idce } Tachinidce, Sarcophagidce, Muscidce, Braulidce (external). 
