COSMOPOLITAN INSECTS. 
63 
Silvanus surinamensis. 
Lcemophlceus ferrugineus. 
„ pusillus. 
Dermestes vulpinus. 
Carpophilus hemipterus. 
Trogosita mauritanica. 
Necrobia rufipes. 
Necrobia ruficollis. 
Necrobia violacea. 
Gibbium scotias. 
* Sitodrepa panicea. 
Dinoderus pusillus. 
Bruchus chinensis. 
,, emarginatus. 
* Tenebrio molitor Linn. 
* Tribolium ferrugineum. 
* ,, confusum. 
* Calandra oryzce. 
* „ granaria. 
Arcecerus fasciculatus. 
Among Lepidoptera some of the genus Ephestia are constantly car¬ 
ried and are now almost universal; so also are such forms as Tinea 
pellionella, Setomorpha rutella, and other clothes moths. Of the flies, 
we know of few ; Eristalis tenax is widespread and the common house¬ 
flies such as Musca domestica are world wide, as are some of the fleas ; 
the cheese maggot, Piophila casei is also carried in its food and 
establishes itself successfully. 
Finally the malodorous bug Cimex lectularius is sufficiently familiar. 
The above are all household or grain pests and would naturally be 
readily spread. Amongst animal pests it is sufficient to mention the fly 
Stomoxys calcitrans established throughout India, as well as the three 
bot flies of the horse, cow and sheep, (ticks also are carried). When 
we turn to plant parasites, there are fewer true cosmopolites since the 
vegetation varies so much, and since climatic conditions affect the 
insects more. (See Agric. Journ., India, III, No. 3. “ Introduced 
Insect Pests.” ) Many scale insects are extremely widespread and nume¬ 
rous species are known to have been carried, some reaching India. In 
fact, the introduction of living plants is practically certain to mean the 
introduction of scale insects if precautions are not taken. We can 
enumerate 25 species probably introduced to or from India, and 
we have seen more than one on consignment of plants from abroad. 
How our Aphids reached India is not clear but our worst are all cosmo¬ 
polites and have probably come on plants. Of other insects, it is ex¬ 
tremely hard to speak; a few are cosmopolitan, such as Chloridea 
obsoleta , Danais plexippus , Vanessa cardui, Hellula undalis, Nomophila 
noctuella, Plutella maculipennis , but there is no evidence that they are 
spread by man and this cosmopolitanism possibly antedates man. 
Phthorimcea operculella is a widespread insect introduced to India 
probably in recent years and is the sole instance of its class we know of. 
We have barely touched the fringe of this subject as alone is possible 
in this place. Enough has been said to show that insects are carried by 
man and though India has not suffered from this cause, as for instance, 
America and the West Indies have, yet when more is known it may be 
found that India has got nearly as much as she has given, 
