76 
ORTHOPTERA. 
from birds or other enemies. Although the general form of the body 
is usually uniform throughout the family, a few are modified in con¬ 
nection with their habits. Thus the surface grasshoppers (Chrotogonus) 
which live on the soil are very much flattened, the prothorax and 
tegmina roughened. Some of the species that live among long grass 
are elongated, the body cylindrical, admirably adapted to cling to and 
resemble the long grass stems. 
As in other Orthoptera, the chitinous integument preserves the 
primitive form of the lower insects, the segments being easily distin¬ 
guishable, the plates little differentiated. The head is of moderate size, 
distinct from the thorax, with large compound eyes and three ocelli. 
The antennae are filiform, with less than thirty joints, flattened in some 
species. The mouthparts are of the herbivorous type, the upper lip (la- 
brum) well developed, the mandibles large with cutting teeth, the maxillae 
and labium distinct, fitted for mastication and bearing sensory palpi. The 
hypopharynx is well developed as a blunt tongue-like organ on the floor 
of the mouth. The prothorax is large, its form and markings useful in 
the discrimination of genera. In one sub-family ( Tetrigince ) the pro- 
no turn is produced backwards as a long process between and over the 
wings (fig. 21). In some sub-families there is a tubercle or tooth-like 
projection on the prosternum between the base of the forelegs. The 
meso- and meta-thorax are distinct, covered by the tegmina, which are 
long and narrow, opaque and variously coloured or ornamented. In 
many species they project beyond the abdomen, in others they are shorter. 
In the Tetrigince they are reduced to tiny lobes and the wings are 
covered by the prolongation of the pro no turn (fig. 21). In some species 
