CLASSIFICATION. 
237 
behind into tufts. All aquatic larvae coming into none of the above 
divisions are either Dascillidce , Parnidce, Haliplidce or Chrysomelidce 
(part). In a number of families not included above, the apex of the 
abdomen is provided with prominent chitinised processes and the 
apical segment is harder than the others. These include Rhipiceridce , 
Fig. 137 —Antennae, 1 Curculionid, 2 Chrysomelid, 
3 Cantharid, 4 Elaterid, 5 Epilachnid, 6 Ci- 
cindRlid, 7 Melolonthid, 8 Hydrophilid, 9 
Lucaxid. 
Trogositidce, Colydiidce , Mycetophagidce, Melyrince, Cleridce , Melandryidce 
Pyrochroidce, Mordellidce, Tenebrionidce (part), Cioidce, Lagriidce and 
Elateridce (part). The remainder exhibit none of the above general 
characters. More detailed characters for each family are given below, 
but these are based less on Indian species than on European or 
American larvae. The number of larvae of Indian beetles actually 
known is very small. 
Pupation takes place openly (the pupa fixed at the tail), or in a 
cocoon of mud, of anal excretion or of fibres, never of fine woven silk. The 
peculiar resting stage of the newly emerged imago, while not universal, 
is general enough in forms whose pupae are hidden as to be worth noting. 
Classification. —The beetles are divided into series upon characters 
based upon the antennae and tarsus as follows :— 
Lamellicornia. —Tarsi five-jointed ; antennae with apical joints 
expanded in leaf-like form and forming a club which can be opened and 
closed (figure 137, 7, 9). Four families. 
Adephaga. —Tarsi five-jointed. Antennae simple. Nine families. 
Polymorpha. —Tarsi variable ; antennae usually clubbed or serrate. 
57 families. 
