248 
COLEOPTERA 
In Trox the abdomen rubs against a raised vein in the elytra. In Helio- 
copris bucephalus, sound is produced by a rotation of the hind coxa, the 
posterior and internal edge rubbing against the sharp edge of the socket 
and producing a curious 6 ‘ wheezing 5 ’ noise. 
This large family may be divided into seven sub-families as 
follows:— 
i i I. Antennae 9 or 10 joints :— 
A. Posterior legs with one spur. 1. 
a. Posterior legs dilated gradually. 
b. Posterior legs dilated suddenly. 
B. Posterior legs with two spurs. 
a. Metathoracic parapleurae simple. 
Antennae 9 joints. 2. 
Antennae 10 joints. 3. 
b. Metathoracic parapleurae appendicu- 
late. 4. 
Scarabaeince 
(Coprince.) 
Scarabaeini 
(Ateuchini.) 
C opr ini. 
Aphodiince. 
Orphnince. 
Hybosorince. 
II. Antennae 11 jointed. 
III. Abdomen with five ventral segments. 
IV. Tarsi very long. 
5. Geotrupince. 
6. Trogince. 
7. Glaphyrince. 
Scarabaeince. —Four large genera are included in the Scarabaeini 
(Ateuchinae) with over 30 Indian species. Scarabaeus (Ateuchus) includes 
some of the larger European forms, and but few Indian. S. gangeticus 
Redt. is the common plains species. Sisyphus and Gymnopleurus include 
the common small beetles with long legs found at dung in the plains. 
S. longipes, 01iv. s is one of the more abundant species, a small black in¬ 
sect common on roads in April; it makes balls of dung about twice its 
own size; usually two are found at one ball, rolling it along the soil, and 
they have been seen to take a ball over a hundred yards. Gymnopleurus 
miliaris , Fabr., is also common ; it is dull black with shiny black spots 
on the elytra and thorax. Gymnopleurus cyaneus, Fabr., is the metallic 
blue species that may constantly be observed rolling dung balls. When 
a ball is made several assist in rolling it, apparently in the hope of se¬ 
curing it; the stronger individual appears to be successful in the end, 
