560 
DIPTERA, 
posterior end of the body is furnished with some processes and 
bristles, two pairs of which in the full-grown larva are as long as the 
body and head together. The pupa, found on the damp earth, is also 
remarkable for the large ridges and excrescences on the thorax. The 
Fig. 359— Male genital clampers of Phlerotomus. 
From a photomicrograph. 
egg, larva, pupa, and imago are shown in fig. 358. The length of the 
life-history varies from a month in the hot weather to six to eight weeks 
or more in the winter at Pusa. Real hibernation has not yet been 
observed. The eggs are laid usually in wet and dirty places, and hatch 
in about six days. The larvae feed on semi-decaying vegetable 
matter for a fortnight or three weeks, and then pupate, the fly 
emerging from the pupa in about six to ten days. Some half a 
dozen species of the genus are known from India ; at least two of 
these seem to be found almost all over the country, but others are more 
restricted in their range. 
Chironomim:. Gnats , Midges. 
Small mosquito-like flies. Antennae plumose in the male. Ocelli generally 
absent. Proboscis short. Wings often hairy but not scaled as in 
Culicidce. Costa reaching only to tip of wing. 
These flies are very easily confused with mosquitos, but with the 
exception of one group of genera mentioned below they are entirely 
