404 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
smaller, the antennae hooked rather than knobbed, the body robust, 
the flight quick. 
Students of Indian Insects who may have made collections in this 
sub-order will perhaps be surprised that so few species are mentioned; 
we may remind them that we have attempted to deal with every family 
in due proportion and were we to discuss each family in proportion 
to what is known of them, then the section on this sub-order would be a 
very large one. The species mentioned are literally those common in 
the cultivated plains of India and a student who knows the little there 
is here knows as much, relatively, of these insects as is necessary to him. 
Collecting. —The common species mentioned below are often obtain¬ 
able best as caterpillars on their foodplants; perfect specimens can then 
be reared and properly set. As with moths, specimens caught on tour 
can be put up in triangular papers and packed in boxes. Relaxing and 
setting requires care and is best deferred till a number can be properly 
relaxed and set at one time. A little Acetic acid should be put in 
the relaxing box to avoid discolouration. As with all caterpillars, 
“ blowing 5 is the best process for preservation. Except in Lyccenidce 
there is little to be done in the plains compared with other groups and 
we would recommend no one to devote time to this group, beyond 
rearing and becoming familiar with the common forms. 
Nymphalim:. 
Forelegs reduced , the male with one , the female with five tarsal joints 
without claw. Fupa suspended from the tail. Larva usually with 
spiny processes on head and tail or on each segment . 
There is a characteristic facies in the species of each family except 
this, which renders the identification of this family easy in the field, any 
butterfly not evidently one of the latter groups, falling probably 
into this one ; in the few instances when this fails, the legs must be 
examined. Nymphalids are usually large butterflies of bright colouring 
with distinctly sunshine-loving habits in all but one subfamily, the 
Satyrince. Many have warning colouring associated with unpleasant 
taste and there is good reason to believe that birds and insectivorous 
animals will refuse these ; others deliberately mimic these, and thereby 
escape the fate that their edibleness should bring on them; a few 
have distinctly Deceptive Colouring (page 90), while the colours of a 
