502 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
Periods of rest are commonly passed in a resting larval condition 
and not in the pupal condition as in the larger moths ; pupation takes 
place in concealment in a covering of leaves, hark or other material 
with a small quantity of silk as a rule, though one family ( Pterophoridce) 
pupate openly without a cocoon and another ( Zygcenidce) make a silk 
cocoon in the open. 
The imago is in the majority of cases small in size and the group in¬ 
cludes almost all the small moths found in the plains ; hut size in itself 
is no criterion in this case, and the characters enumerated here are 
supported by the structural distinctions given above. 
Zygjenim:. 
Hindwing vein 8 connected to cell by a bar and approximated to it ; 
vein 1 c. present. Proboscis present (except Phaudince) ; 
middle spurs of hind tibice very short or absent. 
A small family of moths, believed to have been derived from the 
Tineidce, embracing insects of very divergent appearance. The Zygce- 
ninoe, are small moths, resembling the Syntomidce; the ChalcosUnce are 
large, the antennse bipectinate to the tips, often with a resemblance to 
butterflies; the Phaudince are smaller, without mouthparts, and includ¬ 
ing but few genera. The most interesting feature of these moths is the 
very marked Batesian mimicry that some of the species exhibit, mimick¬ 
ing protected butterflies ; the figures illustrate this for one species but it 
occurs in several, and the moth collector in the hills where these moths 
occur will be forcibly struck by their resemblance to insects widely re¬ 
moved from them in ancestry. 
So far as known the species are almost wholly hill or forest forms, 
not occurring in the plains. Tasema fuliginosa, Mo., is a small moth, 
dark brown and black, with an expanse of 15—17 m.m. found in Calcutta ; 
Lophosoma quadricolor, Wlk., is slightly larger, brown shot with green, 
the abdomen cupreous and purple, with lateral tufts of hair on the apex, 
found in Bengal and Ganjam. Campylotes histrionicus , Westw., is a very 
vivid hill species, which on being handled, emits a bubbling frothy liquid 
from apertures on the side of the head, as does the grasshopper, Aularch- 
es miliaris, this being protective in conjunction with the warning coloura¬ 
tion. Thyrassia subcordata , Wlk., resembles a Syntomid, the forewing 
