AGRICULTURE AND DENDROLOGY. 
a 
etc.) at cheaper rates than the mere expense of transporting 
the night-soil to the farm. In Japan, however, the exten¬ 
sive application of the excreta in agriculture is well justified 
at present, and will probably continue to be so for a long 
time to come. 
As the contents of the fæces and urine in fertilizing 
ingredients are entirely dependent on the food, and as the 
ordinary Japanese diet differs in many respects from that 
of other countries, it appeared to us very desirable to 
examine the composition of the excreta of various classes of 
the Japanese people, a subject on which not a single analysis 
has hitherto been made. 
We consequently collected specimens from different 
places in and round Tökyö, taking usually large samples 
from several houses, mixing them and drawing an average 
specimen from that mixture for analysis. The excreta 
thus examined in our laboratory were of the following 
descriptions : 
1. ) Fæces and urine of farmers in the neighbourhood of 
the city, which were analyzed separately. In cal¬ 
culating the composition of the total dung, we 
assumed that the proportion between urine collected 
in special urinals and of fæces deposited with some 
urine in the closets is about 4:1. 
2. ) Citizens’ night-soil, a complete mixture of the solid 
and fluid excreta collected from boats, which carry 
the dung from Tokyo into the country. 
3. ) Night-soil from the houses of middle class officials 
collected in the college. 
4. ) Night-soil from soldiers and students of the naval col¬ 
lege in Tokyo, who are supplied with a diet, which, 
containing a moderate quantity of meat, resembles 
that of Europeans. 
The results of the analyses, which were all made by 
