120 
tonly excited the animal there could be no recovery. 
It is doubtful if the cattle buyer will sue you, for 
if he did it would probably end his business in your 
locality. The farmers would hesitate about show¬ 
ing him their cattle if they had to do so at the peril 
of being sued in case one of the cattle objected to. 
being sold. N - T - 
Lining Out An Orchard 
EPLYING to inquiry of H. A. Borling in your 
issue of December 29 as to method of lining up 
trees, in orchard planting, while I am not familiar 
with the methods used in very large plantings, I 
Two Five Point Leghorn Farm hens. Contest record, 
hen at right, 262 ; at left, 257 eggs in year. 
have found the following most convenient for tracts 
of five or 10 acres, and it can be easily extended to 
larger tracts, although in very large areas it would 
doubtless be more accurate and economical to have 
a surveyor locate the principal lines of stakes. 
Referring to diagram, Fig. 38, which assumes the 
trees to- be 40 ft. apart each way, with a bundle of 
new 4-ft. lath and a tape, drive a lath about 3 ft. 
to left of point A. the corner tree, and measure 
along about 3 ft. to left of line A-B, setting a lath 
each 40 ft., or whatever distance the rows are to 
be apart. Measurements should be in approximately 
straight line, of course, to get distance correct, but 
it is not necessary that the lath be set exactly on 
line with each other. Then do the same with the 
lines A-E, B-F, and E-F, setting lath about 3 ft. out¬ 
side of line of trees to be out of the way in planting. 
The right angles can be laid out, if no transit or 
better method is available, by driving a peg with 
nail in top at A, and another 40 ft. distant on line 
A-B; then by hooking the ring of a tape over the 
nails in each stake the point where the 30 ft. mark 
on one tape meets the 50 ft. mark on the diagonal 
tape will be at right angles with line A-B from point 
A. See lower left hand corner of diagram. 
The angles at the other corners can be laid out 
in same way. When all the lath have been set 
around the tract, sight in the row of lath C-G by- 
sighting from lath on line A-E to corresponding lath 
on line B-F. Lath on line D-G will be sighted in 
from those on A-B in the same way. It is not nec¬ 
essary that these intermediate lath be in line with 
each other, only that they be in line with the cor¬ 
responding end lath. 
In large tracts, or where there is a hill inter¬ 
vening between the sides, two or more lines of in¬ 
termediate stakes may be needed, and perhaps in 
some cases some further measurements to locate 
them. 
A white rag tied on the top of outside lath will aid 
visibility. The lath once set no further measure¬ 
ments of any kind are necessary. Every tree can 
be located by sighting from the point where it is 
to be set along two lath in each of two directions 
at right angles to each other. The man digging 
the holes can hold up his shovel and line it up in 
‘Iht RURAL NEW-YORKER 
two directions in a minute, and dig the hole. The 
man setting the tree simply holds it up in the hole 
and likewise sights it in two directions. One man 
alone if necessary can dig the holes and set. out the 
trees, or any number of men can work. Three men 
make the most economical gang, one digging holes 
and two following him setting the trees. The laths 
remain until the tract is planted and are not dis¬ 
turbed until it is finished. 
Care should be taken to measure correctly in set¬ 
ting the lath, always keeping the tape level and 
using a plumb line if ground is hilly, or the lines 
may not close properly at the last corner. The 
method, however, gives ample opportunity to cor¬ 
rect inaccuracies by moving a few laths, and gen¬ 
erally to check up on the lay-out before tree setting 
is started. A - L fonda. 
Bud Variations in Apples 
HE little apple tree illustrated on page 1563 
bore its first crop the sixth season after set¬ 
ting. The tree looks stunted for the size of its 
body, and early bearing may have been caused by 
that. Injury by mice or borers will cause young 
trees to bear early, and I do not believe scions set 
from this tree would produce trees of such an early 
hearing age as they should do if it were a true bud 
variation. 
I once grafted a tree to quite a number of so- 
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Laying Out Orchard. Fig. 38 
called improved strains of Baldwins, and from other 
States. My experience was the same as that of 
H. B. T., page 1563. I did find when living at the 
farm a really good Red Graveustein sport and had 
quite a number of bearing trees, and had sold fruit 
enough to prove its value before I left the farm. 
Had I been younger I certainly should have planted 
an orchard of that sport. The tree in growth was 
similar to Gravenstein, with perhaps a little thicker 
top; apples about the same in size, not exactly the 
same in shape, but in flavor about the same, and can 
be picked and sold a little earlier than the standard 
variety on account of better color. By choosing 
scions from the best bearing limbs I believe even a 
better apple could be grown without much variation 
from the best fruits now grown, but would require 
time and good judgment to make a success of it. 
There are also other sports in this neighborhood 
which show a better color than the regular Graven¬ 
stein. A true sport can be reproduced true to form, 
but I am inclined to believe they are more inclined 
to throw future sports, which I might illustrate 
with the behavior of a yellow sport from an Ada 
Spaulding Chrysanthemum. I raised from that stock 
to start with quite a number of other sports, from 
light yellow to dark orange, which varied as much 
in style and size of flower as in color. If J. P. M. 
feels he has a true sport he can easily find out by 
using it as a few fillers in a regular Baldwin or¬ 
chard if lie likes to try such things, h. o. mead. 
Massachusetts. 
Plain Talk from Leading Dairymen 
Part II 
The Eastern States Producers 
The November price cut was the result of the 
situation which permitted several organized deal¬ 
ers who had a close contact one with another to 
deal with several organized groups of producers, 
whose groups had no contact one with another. We 
must be charitable and blame it on the situation. 
If there is another untimely and unnecessary cut 
in the price of milk, I believe the blame should be 
placed on the leaders of the organized groups tvho 
January 26, 1924 
did not or could not find some plan for working out 
their common problems together. 
In case there is a third unnecessary and untimely 
cut in the price of milk, or in case the price does 
not advance in the Spring as quickly as it should, 1 
believe the farmers themselves and those who 
claim to represent agricultural thought, together 
with the editors of our agricultural papers, shall be 
to blame, if they do not insist on the men heading 
these different groups adopting a policy which will 
enable them to smooth out some of their differences 
and work together. In other words, the blame for 
the first break is on the general situation, the blame 
for the second break is on the leaders who would 
not profit by the lessons of the first break, and the 
blame for the third break will be on those who did 
not insist that the groups work together. 
M. 
Producers’ Conference Board Needed 
Answering your questions briefly, I would say: 
1. The better price received outside the pool. 
2. I believe if all sold on an all milk basis the 
four groups could come together on a Producers’ 
Conference Board and agree on a price to be charged 
all dealers. This would still leave one group re¬ 
turning to its producers less than the others, but 
every dairyman would receive more than under the 
present plan, if price cutting is to be continued, h. 
Conflicts in Leadership 
To my mind dairymen are kept apart by the per¬ 
sistent effort of the leadership of a minority to force 
the majority to accept the views of the minority 
leadership. A careful study of the different jour¬ 
nals which give the amount of milk consumed in 
New l’ork City shows that the independent groups 
are largely a majority. The time that has elapsed 
since the formation of the so-called pool and the 
record of its experience, is sufficient to convince in¬ 
dependent observers that this majority will never 
consent to take up with the pooling policies. 
Referring to your second question, I believe that 
Mrs. Andrew Roberts of Columbia Co., N. Y., says that 
this cat, “Buffy,” waits for The R. N.-Y. to come. 
Anyway, the cat goes out and mounts the mail box, as 
shown in the picture, and looks down the road for the 
mail carrier. We always did try to be fair to the cat, 
unity can come only through a broad comprehen¬ 
sive view of co-operative principles. Force and 
monopoly are instruments of the capital stock com¬ 
pany. We have always protested against them. 
They have no place in the farm co-operative or¬ 
ganization. Even if it were possible to succeed in 
creating a monopoly in our dairy industry, we 
would be worse off than before. Fortunately it is 
not possible. 
Our problem must be worked out through a care¬ 
ful study of market conditions and a comprehen¬ 
sive understanding of the whole supply for that par¬ 
ticular market. The outlet through consumers must 
be considered to discourage substitutes and encour- 
