Jhe RURAL NEW-YORKER 
467 
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More About the Concord Grape 
In reply to H. B. T.’s horticultural 
notes on page 52, I wish to say that while 
there are male and female vines (we have 
a few specimens at the Arnold Arbore¬ 
tum), they are exceptional. Grapes are 
monoecious, bearing staminate and pis¬ 
tillate flowers on the same vine. Being- 
imperfect they are much stronger than 
perfect flowers which tend to self-pollin- 
ate. Grapes are indigenous to America 
and found growing by the early explorers 
bearing fruit. With the exception of 
California grapes, which possess Vinifera 
blood, all our commercial grapes are of 
native origin. I stand corrected as re¬ 
gards the existence of a Catawba in Mr. 
Bull’s yard, for I have his notes also, al¬ 
though his daughter thinks there was 
none. There was an Isabella both agree. 
It is possible that the Concord was slight¬ 
ly crossed by these. w. II. c. 
Medford, Mass. 
In the first place, W. H. C. is wrong 
in saying that male and female vines of 
Vitis Labrusca are the exception and that 
they (we assume that the subject of dis¬ 
cussion is still V. Labrusca) bear both 
staminate and pistillate flowers on the 
same vine. On the contrary, so far as 
we are aware, the wild fox grape bears 
imperfect flowers. In support of this 
statement we might mention that an ef¬ 
fort was made to establish this fact some 
years ago, letters being sent to many of 
the leading botanists of America. The 
replies received were to the effect that no 
perfect-flowered plants of V. Labrusca in 
the wild state had ever been seen nor was 
there any authentic record of any having 
existed. Among the replies were those 
from the Smithsonian Institution at 
Washington, the Arnold Arboretum at 
Jamaica Plain, the United States De¬ 
partment of Agriculture, and the Uni¬ 
versity of Pennsylvania. One corre¬ 
spondent, internationally known as a 
grape specialist, writes: “I have not 
seen, neither do I know of any authentic 
records of such.” And from one of the 
distinguished systematic botanists in 
America comes the statement ‘‘I have no 
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iiiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiimi 
strictly hermaphrodite flowers in any of 
the specimens examined.” It is because 
authorities of this type, whose business 
it is to observe such things, have never 
seen any hermaphrodite V. Labrusca in 
the wild nor have ever heard of any au¬ 
thentic records of such that we have held 
the opinion that we have. In view of this 
evidence it occurs to us that even though 
a few hermaphrodite vines were to be 
found that they would constitute the ex¬ 
ception and not the reverse. 
But we are hopelessly confused by the 
statement “Being imperfect they are 
much stronger than perfect flowers which 
tend to self-pollinate,” because this is 
exactly what we have been contending, 
namely that the flowers are imperfect. A 
perfect flower is one that has both stam¬ 
ens and pistils. If it is meant that the 
flowers of the species under discussion 
are imperfect, there is no need to carry 
the discussion further, for that is exactly 
what we have been saying. If we have 
misinterpreted the statement, we beg 
pardon. 
Of course, it goes without saying that 
there are many species of grapes in¬ 
digenous to America, variously estimated 
at from 17 to 23, but it is hardly correct 
to say that “grapes” are indigenous to 
America because there are 10 species 
credited to Asia and 10 to Australia. 
If W. H. C. in his next statement is 
merely stating that our leading Eastern 
commercial varieties of grapes have been 
originated in this country, he is perfectly 
correct, but if he means to say that these 
varieties have arisen from the native 
grapes without infusion of Vinifera blood, 
in contrast to the California varieties, 
which are supposedly pure Vitis vinifera, 
then he is mistaken. As a matter of fact 
out of the 286 leading American varieties 
of grapes concerning which we have made 
an honest effort to establish the parent¬ 
age, there is hardly one that does not 
show signs of V. vinifera, and among 
these we will again include the Concord. 
We may mention for instance that 
Rogers’ Hybrids — Herbert, Merrimae, 
Salem, Agawam, Wilder, Lindley, Mas- 
sasoit, Barry, Goethe, Gaertner, and so 
on—originated by Edward S. Rogers of 
Salem, Massachusetts, were produced by 
the hybridization of Black Hamburg and 
White Chasselas (both V. vinifera) with 
Carter, or Mammoth Globe (supposedly 
a pure Labrusca). 
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II. Ii. TUKEY. 
