The RURAL NEW-YORKER 
1059 
Horticultural Notes 
Galls on Grapes 
I am sending a clipping from a grape¬ 
vine for your examination and advice. 
Are the bunches caused by some disease, 
and, if so, what can I do to prevent its 
spreading to the rest of the vine? This 
is the only piece I have seen so far. 
Freeport, N. Y. c. A. s. 
The specimen grape shoot and leaves 
accompanying the above inquiry show, 
evidences of the work of the grapevine 
tomato gall insect. This insect seldom 
assumes serious proportions on the grape. 
There is little likelihood of it spreading 
further this season, and the chances are 
that it will not he very prominent an¬ 
other year. However, should they appear 
in numbers next season the affected shoots 
and leaves should be destroyed before the 
larvae go into the soil. No spray meas¬ 
ures are known to be effective in its con¬ 
trol. F. E. G. 
Gum on Cherry Trees 
Will you let me know what to do to 
prevent the sap from running out of my 
five-year-old cherry tree? What is the 
reason? J. w. 
Bethlehem, Pa. 
Cherry, plum and peach trees are sub¬ 
ject to gum flow, or gum'mosis, and from 
a number of causes. Winter injury will 
frequently result in a flow of gum, borers 
will signify their presence by a similar 
phenomenon, and many diseases, includ¬ 
ing the bacteria causing a peculiar gum 
flow disease, are heralded by an exuda¬ 
tion of gum. Excepting in the ease of the 
bacteria which causes, gummosis there is 
nothing special that can be done other 
than to find the source of the trouble and 
strive to remedy it. The bacterial gum¬ 
mosis. fortunately, is almost unknown in 
the East, though in the West where it is 
present it is controlled by removing all 
cankers and disinfecting in much the 
same way as fire blight is handled. 
You should look for borers in your 
trees, and you should aim to improve the 
vigor of your trees through cultivation 
and general good care. When trees are 
in a good strong condition they are 
not so subject to the inroads of destruc¬ 
tive agents as they are when they are in 
a weakened condition. n. B. T. 
Pollination of Sweet 
Cherries 
Can you tell me what variety of cherry 
to plant or graft for pollination? 
Newton Center, Mass. h. m. s. 
Most any variety of sweet cherry will 
provide proper fertilization for another 
variety, and yet there are exceptions. 
Napoleon, Bing and Lambert are all self- 
sterile and inter-sterile. Consequently 
the one should never be used to afford 
pollen for the others. Downer will not 
set fruit on Windsor. Coe, Governor 
Wood, Black Tartarian and Windsor 
have usually given good sets of fruit 
when used as pollenizers. There are many 
cases of inter-sterility that are still un¬ 
known to the world, so that it is impos¬ 
sible to prophecy in all cases. Never¬ 
theless from what we now know it will 
be a good gamble to try any one of the 
varieties that we have mentioned. 
H. B. T. 
Foliage Injury to Pear and 
Apple 
1. I am enclosing a sample of pear and 
apple leaves. The former is black in 
parts. Is this the result of thrips? The 
apple leaves are browned or burned. 2. 
I use whitewash for painting my tree 
trunks as a protection and for decorative 
purposes. Do you know of any addi¬ 
tion that would make it stay longer? 
New York City. A. J. K. 
1. The pear leaf was fully formed and 
the discoloration was therefore not the 
work of the thrips, w'hich does the most 
of its damage within the bud before it 
has opened fully. The small spots present 
are caused by the leaf-blight organism, 
which is controlled by keeping the foliage 
covered with lime-sulphur, 1 to 50 in the 
early stages of growth. The apple leaves 
exhibited a type of spray injury which 
is unusually common this year. Whether 
this so-called “spray injury” is due to a 
combination of peculiar weather condi¬ 
tions or what is not definitely established. 
There have, however, been reports of 
this form of injury even on unsprayed 
trees. 2. A couple of handfuls of salt 
to the pail of whitewash will increase the 
adhesive properties, and a half pint of 
glue or a half-pound of calcium caseinate 
will help the material to spread evenly. 
H. B. T. 
Grafts Fail to Grow 
I would like to ask you for advice re¬ 
garding apple and pear grafting on rather 
large trees. Although I have had fair 
success with this work, yet a number of 
scions (especially those put in later than 
the early ones) fail to grow. They start 
well, the bud opens and begins to grow, 
but a small insects seems to suck out the 
life of the same and makes a fine web 
around the little leaves, and the scions) 
die. I have lost hundredsof scions that 
way. On page 932, article entitled “Ex¬ 
perience with Dormant Grafts,” Harvey 
Loeee writes about bud moths and pro¬ 
tecting the scions by bagging them. How 
and in what way can that be done? In¬ 
stead of using grafting wax for outdoor 
work according to your recipe I have been 
using a plastic preparation; which con¬ 
tains no coal tar nor ingredients injurious 
to metal or wodd, and put on with a put¬ 
ty knife in hot or cold weather does not 
seem to hurt the scions in the least; 
seems to last well and grafting can be 
done quicker than is possible with wax. 
Nebraska. j. a. r. 
I would say that without any question 
it was the bud moth that worked such 
havoc with the grafts. Some years ago I 
found for several seasons that it was im¬ 
practicable to graft on anything but a 
very small scale, on account of the pre¬ 
valence of bud moth. If there are but 
few grafts, however, one can easily pro¬ 
tect them from this pest by “bagging,” 
which consists simply of tying cheesecloth 
or an ordinary paper bag over them and 
leaving until bud has well started and 
even made some growth. 
In grafting large limbs of from 2 y 2 to 
5 in., I set two cleft grafts and two or 
more “bark” grafts. The bark graft has 
but one sloping or beveled cut, and is 
simply inserted between bark and wood, 
with cut side next the wood. Unless you 
are sure of your wax, however, it is bet¬ 
ter to tie a bit of raffia around them. A 
number of grafts to a stock not only in¬ 
sures greater chance of success in the 
grafting itself, but keeps the stock in a 
more healthy condition by drawing sap 
to a larger area and maintaining a better- 
balance between root and top systems. 
Red Hook, N. Y. ‘ H . l. 
Apricots Fail to Bear 
I have one apricot tree. This is the 
second year that it has set fruit. Last 
year all the fruit fell off, and this year 
most of it is falling off. What is the 
cause? f, j, 
St. James, N. Y. 
So far as is now known, apricot trees 
are generally self-fruitful; that i«, they 
do not require pollination from some 
other variety in order to set fruit, as in 
the case of the sweet cherry. Conse¬ 
quently, failure to bear on the part of the 
apricot is probably due to something else 
than pollination. At the same time, in 
seasons of wet, cool conditions at blos¬ 
soming, pollen often fails to germinate or 
to grow sufficiently rapidly to fertilize 
the ovary, and so result in normal fertil¬ 
ization and fruit setting. The result is 
that fruit apparently sets, but drops pre¬ 
maturely. If the dropped fruits are cut 
open they will often be found to contain 
shrunken or abortive seeds, showing in¬ 
complete fertilization. Obviously nothing 
can be done to counteract the effect of 
the season unsuited to fruit setting. 
Again, brown rot is sometimes respon¬ 
sible for a wholesale loss of fruit, or 
curculio may be so bad as to cause the 
loss of practically an entire crop. Spray¬ 
ing with self-boiled lime-sulphur when the 
blossoms show pink, when the shucks are 
falling, and again two or three weeks 
later, will control brown rot, while the 
addition of arsenate of lead. 3 lbs. to 100 
gallons of spray solution, to the applica¬ 
tion of self-boiled lime-sulphur made 
when the shucks are falling, will help 
to control curculio. h. b. y. 
Safety at the Crossing 
P ROTECTION of life at railroad crossings is a 
work that the New York Central Lines, 
through its Safety Bureau, has been aggressively 
engaged in since the coming of the automobile. 
While the records show that only a small pro¬ 
portion of automobile accidents occur at railroad 
crossings, loss of life at crossings is a cause of deep 
concern to railroad managements. 
When it is realized that 70% of crossing acci¬ 
dents occur in daylight, that 63% are in the open 
country where approaching trains can easily be 
seen, and that the majority are at crossings with 
which drivers are very familiar—it is plain that 
the number of crossing accidents can be greatly 
reduced if automobile drivers will not attempt to 
cross the tracks until they are sure that it is abso - 
lutely safe to cross. 
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