To Sao Paulo de Loanda. 27 
escarpment top. Here also is the Alto das Cruzes, 
the great cemetery, and the view from the sheer 
and far-jutting headland is admirable. A stroll 
over this cool and comparatively healthy escarp¬ 
ment ended by leaving a card at the Pago do 
Governo. 
Lopes de Lima (vol. iii. part ii.) gives Sao Paulo 
in 1846 a total of 5,065 whites, mulattoes, and 
blacks, distributed into 1,176 hearths; the census 
of 1850-51 raised the number to 12,000, including 
7,000 negroes, of whom 5,000 were serviles; in 
1863 the figure was understood to have diminished 
rather than to have increased. Old authors divided 
the population into five orders. The first was of 
ecclesiastics, the second contained those who were 
settled for command or trade, and the third were 
convicts, especially new Christians of Jewish blood, 
who were prevented from attending the sacred 
functions for a scandalous reason. Then ranked 
the Pomberos, or Pombeiros, mostly mulattoes, free 
men, and buyers of slaves ; their morals seem to 
have been abominable. Last and’ least were the 
natives, that is, the “ chattels.” Amongst the latter 
the men changed wives for a time, “ alleging, in 
case of reproof, that they are not able to eat always 
of the same dish and the women were rarely 
allowed by their mistresses to marry—with the 
usual results. The missionaries are very severe 
upon the higher ranks of colonists. Father Carli 
