A Trip to Calumbo. 
39 
hot seasons fatal, and no wonder, with 130° (F.) in 
the shade ! The trade from the upper river, espe¬ 
cially from the Presidio das Pedras Negras de 
Pungo Andongo, 1 consists of hides, cattle tame and 
wild (cefos); saltpetre washed from earth in sieves, 
mucocote or gum anime (copal), said by Lopes de 
Lima to be found in all the forests of Pungo An¬ 
dongo ; wax, white and yellow ; oil of the dendem 
(.Elais Guineensis) and mandobim, here called gin- 
guba ( arachis ) ; mats, manioc-flour, and some¬ 
times an ivory. 
Calumbo was built as early as 1577 by the Con¬ 
quistador Porcador and first Capitao Mor Paulo 
Dias II., a gallant soldier, who died in 1589 at 
Massangano, the “ Presidium,” which he had 
founded between 1580-83, and who was buried in 
the Church of Na. Sa. da Vittoria; he is said also to 
have built the Church of Santa Cruz. Equidis¬ 
tant from Loanda and the sea, the settlement soon 
had a wealthy trade with the fortified stations of 
the interior, and large Government stores filled 
with merchandize. In 1820 a number of schooners, 
pinnaces, and small crafts plied up and down to Mu- 
chimo, Massangano, Cambembe, and other inland 
settlements ; now we find out only a few canoes. 
TheCuanza at “Sleepers’ Bay” has one of the worst 
1 See “ The Lands of the Cazembe,” p. 15, Royal Geographi¬ 
cal Society, London, 1873. 
