Notes on the Congo River. 157 
phical miles between the Rivers Kontoro east, and 
Benin west. Pliny (v. 9) makes the Nile delta 
extend 170 Roman miles, from the Canopic or 
African to the Pelusiac or Asiatic mouth, respec¬ 
tively distant from the apex 146 and t 66 miles; 
the modern feature has been reduced to 80 miles 
from east to west, and a maximum of 90 from 
north to south. The Zambeze extends 58 miles 
between the Kilimani or northern and the west 
Luabo, Cuama or southern outlet—at least, if 
these mouths are not to be detached. The Nzadi 
is the smallest, measuring a maximum of only 
12 to 15 miles from the Malela or Bananal Creek 
to the mangrove ditches of the southern shore. 
In these depressed regions the comparatively 
salubrious climates of the uplands become dan¬ 
gerous to the European ; the people also are 
degraded, mostly pirates and water-thieves, as the 
Nigerian ‘Ibos, the Congoese Musulungus, and 
the Landim (Amalandi) Kafirs about the lower 
Zambeze. There is a notable similarity in their 
productions, partly known to Pliny (v. 8), who 
notices “ the calamus, the papyrus, and the ani¬ 
mals ” of the Nigris and the Nile. The black¬ 
maned lion and the leopard rule the wold ; the 
gorilla, the chimpanzee, and other troglodytes 
affect the thinner forests ; the giraffe, the zebra, 
and vast hosts of antelopes scour the plains ; the 
turtle swims the seas ; and the hippopotamus, the 
