December 25, 1897. 
THE GARDENING WORLD. 
259 
“Hardy Ornamental Flowering 
Trees and Shrubs ” 
By _A__ ID. WEBSTER. 
SECOND AND CHEAP EDITION 
This book is a valuable guide to planters of beautiful trees and shrubs for the adorn 
ment of parks and gardens. Price 2s. ; post free, 2s. 3cl. 
"GARDENING WORLD OFFICE,” 1, Clement’s Inn, STRAND, LONDON. 
The 31st Edition is Now My. 
200 Pages. 150 Illustrations. 
PRICE SIXPENCE, POST FREE, 
(by Parcel Post—i‘ is so large). 
CONTENTS—The Bes< Seeds and Potatos for Garden and 
Farm; also Descriptive Lists of Carnations, Chrysanthe¬ 
mums, Dah'ias, Fuchsias, Gladioli, Herbaceous Plants. 
Pansies, Pelargron urns, Pentstemons, Phloxes, Pinks, 
Pyrethrums, Boses, and V olasj with full Cultural Direc¬ 
tions for tacli. 
PRESS &■ OTHER OPINIONS OF THE BOOK. 
West Humberstone .-' 1 Your Catalogue and Guide sate to 
hand. I am very pleased with it, and I am sure every every 
Amateu r , In particular, should have one in his possession, 
as they are worth ioo times their cost.”—T.H. 
Leeds Mercury—" For a useful selection of vegetable- and 
flowers, sod a trustworthy guide in the culture ot these, it is 
vastly ahead of ordinary catalogues.” 
Abroath —“ Very many thanks for your valuable Catalogue 
and Guide. As an Amateur, I find cultural instructions ot 
immenie value."—D.A. 
Bell's Weekly Messenger—" Contains elaborate and 
complete articles on cultivation for exhibition as well as 
ordinary pu>poses. It is thus far more than a mere 
catalogue—quite an encyclopedia of farm and garden 
plants. ” 
Yarm.— “ Thanks very much for your Catalogue of 1897. 
In looking through it, I find it is even better than last yeat's, 
which 1 thought could not be surpassed.”— W.C., Gardener to 
Sir T. Richardson, M.P. 
Apply early, and please mention this paper. 
DOBBIE & Co., 
SEED GROWERS AND FLORISTS TO THE QUEEN’ 
ROTHESAY. 
6s. Nett, Claret Roan Gilt, Illustrated. 
A Charming Gift Book. 11 A brilliant success.” The Times 
“ Particularly Good.” The Academy. 
LONDON IN THE TIME OF THE DIAMOND JUBILEE 
By Emily Constance Cook and Edward T. Cook, M.A., 
Author of “ Studies in Ruskin,” etc 
London— Simpkin, Marshall & Co. 
LlaDgollen — Darlington & Co. 
DARLINGTON’S HANDBOOKS 
"Sir Henry Ponsonby is commanded by 
the Queen to thank Mr. Darlington for a 
copy of his Handbook." 
' Nothing better could be wished for .”—British Weekly. 
“ Far superior to ordinary guides .”—London Daily Chronicle. 
is. each. Illustrated. Maps by John Bartholomew, F.R.G.S. 
BOURNEMOUTH AND NEW F0RE8T. 
ABERY8TW1TH, BARMOUTH, and CARDIGAN BAY. 
THE CHANNEL ISLANDS. THE ISLE OF WIGHT. 
THE WYE VALLEY. THE SEVERN VALLEY. 
MALVERN,HEREFORD,WORCESTER & GLOUCESTER. 
LLANDRINDOD WELLS AND THE SPAS OF MID-WALES. 
THE YALE OF LLANGOLLEN. 
BRISTOL, BATH, CHEPSTOW, WESTON-SUPER MARE. 
BRECON, ROSS, TINTERN, AND THE LOWER WYE. 
LLANDUDNO, RHYL, BETTW S-Y-COED, 
AND SNOWDONIA. 
BRIGHTON, EASTBOURNE, HASTINGS, AND 
ST. LEONARDS. 
3s. 6d. net. 60 illustrations. 24 maps and plans. 
LONDON AND ENVIRONS. 
Llango len: Darlirgton&Co. London; Simpkin & Co., Ltd. 
Railway Bookstalls and all Booksellers. 
—Beautiful khotographs of Scenery.Ruins, 
• etc., of Italy, Greece, Turkey, Palestine, 
and Egypt; also North Wales, is., is. 6d., and 2s. Complete 
List Post Free Darlington & Co., Llangollen. 
" Gardening Is the purest of human pleasures, and the greatest 
refreshment to the spirit of man."— Bacon. 
Edited by J. FRASER, F.L.S. 
SATURDAY, DECEMBER 25 ih, 1897. 
J^uds and Stipules. —In continuation of 
this subject, which the Right Hon. Sir 
John Lubbock, Bart, M.P., F.R.S. &c., has 
been studying for some years past, he again 
read papers on the 18th March, and 17th 
June last, at meetings of the Linnean 
Society. The papers now appear in the 
Linnean Society's Journal —Botany, Vol. 
XXXIII., pp. 202 to 268. 
These stipules when present serve for 
various purposes in the economy of the 
plants to which they belong. The most 
usual purpose is to protect the young and 
tender leaves while yet in the bud stage. 
They may protect the leaf to which they 
belong, but more often they cover the next 
younger leaf or leaves ; for in winter they 
are as large and often several times as large 
as the leaf to which they belong, while in 
summer the reverse is the case, even if the 
stipules survive the expansion of the bud. 
In the case of the Oak and Beech it may be 
taken for granted that the only purpose they 
serve is to protect the leaves during the 
inclemency of the winter and spring months, 
seeing that they die and fall in the course of 
a few days after the expansion of the leaves. 
The buds, therefore, have to be examined 
in order to discover a use for the stipules. 
Though these British trees are so closely 
allied, the winter buds are remarkably 
different in size and form. Those of the 
Beech are long, pointed and relatively 
narrow, while the buds of the Oak are short 
and blunt. Yet the leaves in summer 
assume the reverse of these proportions. 
The reasons for these differences are not 
always obvious ; but the growth of the Oak 
buds is arrested at an earlier stage of their 
development in summer, when the season’s 
growth has been completed. About twelve 
pairs of stipules covering the buds of the 
Beech have no leaves accompanying them ; 
whereas the Oak buds have 20 pairs, that 
is 40 stipules as a rule, before a leaf 
presents itself in association with them. 
These facts should demonstrate the utility 
of stipules for the particular purpose men¬ 
tioned. Both leaf and flower buds are 
similarly protected. Whether it would be 
useless or not to speculate on the diffeiences 
between the buds of these trees, the fact 
remains that the young leaves of the Beech 
and Oak often get destroyed or greatly in¬ 
jured by late frosts in spring after a period 
of mild and genial weather induces them to 
leave their winter covering of stipules. 
This applies to trees in the north of Scot¬ 
land as well as in the south of England, but 
more often, probably, in the latter case on 
account of the earlier spring and the earlier 
development of the foliage. It might be 
argued that the leaves of the Oak are more 
tender than those of the Beech, and that 
they require this extra protection in winter ; 
and this is probably the case for they more 
often get injured. 
The poets of by gone times have de- 
,cribed the winter buds as the “ cradle ” of 
the young leaves, and the scales as the 
“swaddling clothes,” that to them being a 
sufficiently close description. The poet 
more nearly touches the gardener’s interest 
when he says that “ in one season’s chariot 
rides the glory of the next,” the allusion to 
the leaves and flowers for the following 
season being wrapped up in the buds of the 
current year being perfectly correct in all 
those cases where the trees and shrubs 
bloom in spring and early summer. Tnis 
applies to most, if not all, of our fruit trees 
and bushes. A knowledge of the details of 
the winter buds of various trees should 
prove serviceable to gardeners, if it merely 
quickens their powers of observation in 
determining which is a flower and which is 
a leaf bud. That is important whether fruit 
or ornamental flowering tiees are being 
pruned. A study of the winter buds and 
their relative safety from any degree of cold 
we might experience in this country, might 
also lead to experimenting with valuable 
fruit trees in spring with the object of re¬ 
tarding the development and unfolding of 
the winter buds in order to save the blossom 
from the destructive effects of late spring 
frosts. 
To return to the text of Sir John Lubbock, 
we find that the allies of our hardy fruit 
trees, such as Apples, Pears, Plums, and 
Peaches, all belonging to the Rose famdy 
are well provided with stipules, which in 
conjunction with some portion of the leaves 
themselves constitute the scales of the 
winter buds. This is so in the case of the 
White Beam Tree(Pyrus Aria). It is also 
interesting to note that the scales are firmly 
glued together in winter and early spring 
with a viscid gum, calculated to exclude 
rain from the interior of the buds in which 
the tender leaves are situated. Incidentally 
we may mention that leaves and flowers are 
much less liable to injury from frost pro¬ 
vided they are perfectly dry during the 
occurrence of the latter. Gardeners them¬ 
selves are well aware of that fact. It may 
be asked how it happens that stipules, when 
they serve the purposes of protection, 
should be hardier than the leaves they 
cover. The reply is that the outer ones if 
not actually dead, are very much modified 
in being thicker, more leathery, less watery, 
and therefore less liable to injury, all of 
which is brought about gradually by ex¬ 
posure during late summer, autumn and 
winter while the temperature is sinking. 
Very often the outer ones are quite dead 
before spring ; but that is of no consequence 
so long as the leaves within are safe. 
Sometimes the stipules are so modified as 
to perform the function of leaves, the latter 
being absent or represented by a short 
tendril, as in the case of Lathyrus Aphaca. 
The Pea itself has very large stipules which 
perform the function of leaves to a degree 
proportionate with their size; while at the 
same time they serve to protect leaves and 
flowers in the terminal buds so long as the 
stem continues to elongate. Some stipules 
or their representatives develop into tendrils 
which enable the plant to climb ; and others 
harden into spines of a more or less formid¬ 
able character, and must thereby assist in 
preventing the plant or its foliage from 
