806 
THE GARDENING WORLD 
August 20, 1898. 
have been very successful. The trees are planted on 
the quincunx system about 20 ft. apart, preferably on 
slightly sloping ground. Drainage is not required on 
light soil with gravelly bottom ; but where there is a 
clayey sub-soil drains are made two feet deep, and as 
required, either between each row or between every 
alternate row. Irrigation is sometimes resorted to. 
When flagging takes place, special drains or shallow 
trenches are made, and filled with water. 
"Lemons grow farther south, and, like Oranges, 
require a northerly aspect and sandy, loamy soil on 
a sandstone or limestone bottom. They do well in 
almost any well-drained soil. Hurnus is added where 
the ground is poor. Wood ashes are considered 
valuable. The ground is better if not too rich. 
Fungi and insects must receive constant attention, 
and proper pruning and careful management of the 
soil are imperative. Attention must be paid to 
mulching with stable manure, and care taken to avoid 
disturbing the roots, and that no stagnant water is 
allowed to sour the soil. As one mulching becomes 
exhausted another is applied. Grass is used for 
mulching,but is used only as as a substitute for stable 
manure. 
" Collar-rot is very troublesome in some dis¬ 
tricts. Mr. McAlpine has discovered the mycelium 
of a fungus in this * rot,' and recommends an 
application of Bordeaux mixture. 
" Where adequate protection is not provided, 
growers avoid tall trees, for north winds and other 
gales play havoc with them. Trees are grown more 
like shrubs, and pretty thick, to protect them from 
the heat of the sun. The lower branches are grown 
about 2 ft. from the ground. Mulching manure is 
not allowed to touch the trunks. 
"The ‘Parramatta’ OraDge and the ‘Lisbon’ 
Lemon are found most profitable in Victoria. 
“ Further on I may drop you a few lines, but mean¬ 
time I do not seem to have the time to write at any 
great length. 
" After Christmas, when I finish my college 
career, I am going into the country to rough it and 
get practical experience. Then I hope to visit you, 
and spend at least twelve months ‘ at home,' work¬ 
ing and getting further experience. After that— 
well, I may do anything ." — Hamish W. Russell. 
- « l o 
BELGIAN NURSERIES. 
(Concluded from p. 795.) 
X. — M. Vincke-Dujardin, Bruges. 
The famous nursery conducted by M. Vincke- 
Dujardin is situated within ten minutes’ walk of the 
railway station at Bruges, and is just outside the 
canal that surrounded the ancient city. On entering 
the nursery, the first thing that strikes the visitor is 
the magnificent collection of pyramidal and standard 
Bays (Laurus nobilis), which appear like a little 
forest in front of the dwelling house; and from 
thence extend in three avenues right through the 
nursery. This is practically the metropolis of the 
Sweet Bay in Belgium, or for the matter of that the 
whole world. Europe is mostly supplied with Sweet 
Bays in tuLs bom Btlgium, and a very large propor¬ 
tion of the whole originate at Bruges. Most of the 
outdoor space of the nursery is occupied with forests 
of these Bays, grown by thousands in tubs. Just 
outside the proprietor’s house are some of the 
patriarchs of the establishment ranging from 150 to 
170 years of age, rivalling the pigmies of the Japanese 
in age, but not in miniature decrepitude. On the 
contrary they are pyramids of real beauty, even if 
somewhat formal. They are housed in winter in 
large tiled houses, some of which are used as packing 
sheds in summer when their occupants are stood in 
the open air. The Bays exist in all sizes, and some 
of the old giants fetch very long prices. 
Orchids. 
Orchids and Palms are the two other specialities of 
the establishment, and monopolise the village of 
glasshouses. There are something like twenty-seven 
Oichid houses alone, of which twenty are devoted to 
Odontoglossums. They vary from 75 ft. to 90 ft. in 
length, and all are built in the span-roofed style, but 
connected in blocks with a continuous interior space 
and a uniform temperature throughout. The first 
house we entered was filled with healthy, robust and 
clean plants of Odontoglossum crispum and O. 
Pescatorei, grown for the sake of cut flowers as well 
as for the sale of the plants. The next and several 
other houses were similarly occupied on the occasion 
of our visit; and the day being bright they were 
shaded with lath blinds. 
Proceeding to other houses we found quantities of 
O. ruckerianum and O. Pescatorei. A fine variety 
of the former was richly spotted all over with 
brownish-purple. Pretty also were fine varieties of 
O. Pescatorei, tinted with rose. The favourite of all 
is evidently O. crispum, for house after house is filled 
with it, some of the varieties being of excellent 
quality, with shapely, well imbricated flowers, both 
white, rosy tinted and blotched. Another house 
contained hundreds of Ada aurantiaca, also Oncidium 
spilopterum, Odontoglossum polyxanthum and O. 
Rossii majus. Well coloured varieties were Odonto¬ 
glossum crispum roseum, O. c. ruckerianum, and 
O. c. andersonianura, the latter being a variety with 
nearly brown sepals and very finely spotted petals. 
Alongside of them O. odoratum and Cymbidium 
lowianum were also in season. We passed through 
several houses in succession filled with little else 
than O. crispum growing vigorously or flowering 
healthy and strong. Amongst Oncidiums there were 
grand pieces of O. luteo-purpureum, O. luteo-pur- 
pureum sceptrum, O. marshallianum, and beautifully 
clean they were. They are largely grown for the 
sake of cut flowers which are sent to France, England, 
Germany, Russia and Sweden, by hundreds of 
spikes. Something like 80,000 plants of Odonto¬ 
glossum are grown, and that will give some idea of 
the resources at hand for cut flowers. 
Cattleyas are also rather extensively grown ; C. 
citrina being then in the height of its glory. The 
young pseudobulbs of Oncidium marsh allianum 
attain a much larger size than those that were 
imported. Both this and O. varicosum Rogersi 
were strong and flowering grandly in baskets as well 
as upon rafts. A large quantity of Cattleya labiata 
put in pots, and also fixed on short rafts, having 
their ends inserted in pots, about ten or eleven 
months previous to our visit had become well estab¬ 
lished, beiDg well furnished with leaves and 
commencing to grow a second time. About 2,000 
flowers were cut from them last Christmas, and a 
second batch of 3,000 flowers in January. 
A houseful of Laelia anceps was iD grand condition, 
an importation having been made about seven years 
ago, when the pieces were put in pots and baskets. 
They have had nothing but supplies of water since, 
and we could not but admire the grand condition 
and health of every plant. Each pot or basket 
carried from seven to ten flower spikes last autumn. 
In another house close by Laelia purpurata, L. 
elegans and Cattleya amethystoglossa were flowering 
freely. Of the latter there were some finely spotted 
and richly coloured varieties, the latter bearing large 
spikes of bloom. A houseful of Cattleya Mossiae 
was at that time in sheath. 
House after house lay in our path all completely 
devoted to Orchids, grown practically in a wholesale 
way, and their condition showed that M. Vincke- 
Dujardin, fully understood their culture. The fine 
orange blotch in the throat of Cattleya Schroderae 
was very conspicuous. Fine also were C. Mendelii, 
C. gigas, Oncidium sarcodes, Miltonia Roezlii, and 
Odontoglossum vexillarium, the latter just develop¬ 
ing its flower spikes. The next house contained 
flowering plants of Cattleya Mendelii, Vanda suavis, 
and Oncidium ampliatum majus, with which no 
fault could be found. 
A houseful of Cypripediums next engaged our 
attention, but we noted only some of those in bloom. 
Very fine were C. barbatum superbum, C. lawrence- 
anum, C. callosum superbum, C. superciliare, C. 
superbiens, and C. Argus Moensii, of the latter 
of which the flowers were handsomely blotched. 
Next to this came a houseful of Vanda suavis and 
V. tricolor, in plants of various heights, but all in 
robust vigour and flowering splendidly. Some of the 
varieties were handsomely spotted. Two houses 
were also filled with Cattleya labiata, newly imported. 
Palms. 
Not having received the measurement of the glass¬ 
houses it would be difficult to say whether Orchids 
or Palms occupied the greater amount of house- 
room, though we believe the Palm ought to be given 
the latter, for some of the buildings were of 
enormous size and crowded to their utmost capacity. 
A block of seven houses was filled with Kentia 
belmoreana and K. fosteriana in 60-size and large 
30-size pots, fit for decorative purposes. We next 
came upon a block of twenty houses, each 150 ft. 
long, and completely filled with Palms. Conspicuous 
amongst them were Kentias of various sizes ; 
Latania borbonica in healthy, vigorous specimens of 
all sizes; a fine lot of richly-colouredCycas revoluta; 
and Phoenix tenuis, in plants 2 ft. to 3 ft. in height. 
The specimens of Dracaena Doucetti were 4 ft. to 
5$ ft. high, and pictures of healthy vigour, and 
handsomely coloured. 
Another gigantic block of five houses of wide span, 
entirely devoted to Palms, was shaded with lath 
blinds, which break the fierce rays of the sun, and 
ensure a healthy, dark green colour to the foliage. 
In this structure we noted Cocos weddeliana, Rhapis 
humilis, Kentia australis, with beautifully arching 
fronds, and K. dominyana, a graceful tree, having 
long arching fronds and flat pinnae. Next the path, 
the leaves of the large Latanias had been tied up to 
allow free movement to visitors while moving 
through the houses. 
Six other buildings were devoted to Palms of 
various useful kinds. Conspicuous amongst them 
were fine specimens of Chamaerops humilis. In the 
same house were handsomely furnished specimens of 
Araucaria excelsa, 3 ft. high. Kentias in 48-size 
pots filled another structure. Then came Chamae¬ 
rops excelsa and C. humilis, monopolising a similar 
amount of space. Latanias filled two other houses; 
and a houseful of Corypha australis completed our 
inspection of an extensive glass nursery, kept up to 
a high standard of excellence under the watchful 
care of M. Vincke-Dujardin and his son. 
■ ■ !» 
CARNATIONS FROM MONTAGUE 
NURSERIES. 
It is now late in the season for Carnations in the 
South of England, but a boxful of fine, named, bor¬ 
der varieties reaches us from Mr. F. Gifford, Mon¬ 
tague Nurseries, Tottenham, N. The size and 
colour of the flowers were wonderful for this late 
period of summer, and the vigour of the plants was 
evidenced by the size and number of the flowers 
borne upon each stem. Of course, Mr. Gifford 
knows well what is required in border Carnations, 
and does not disbud them. He is also a raiser, and 
has put many fine things into cultivation, including 
some delightfully scented ones. 
Amongst those sent were two maroon-crimson 
varieties namad Mr. John Hare and Pelham, respec¬ 
tively, the latter having very smooth and refined 
petals. Amongst the scarlet varieties was the Clove- 
scented Cantab, so highly appreciated by lovers of 
Carnations generally. An unapproachable fiery- 
scarlet is W. J. Fish, and an abundant bloomer. 
Florida is a large, bold flower. Senior Wrangler is 
powerfully scented, brilliant scarlet, and an advance 
on Cantab, being new for 1898. The rosy-scarlet 
Mark Welford produces flowers 3$ in. across. 
Andrew Noble is in the way of Endymion, but 
brighter rose and marbled. The flesh-coloured 
Dorothy Drew has petals of great substance. 
Edith Leadenham is a handsome white variety, with 
remarkably stout stalks that require no wiring for 
decoration purposes, as the flowers stand up stiffly. 
Hon. Harry Escombe we believe to be the finest 
golden-yellow Carnation in cultivation, the colour 
being rich, the flowers large, the calyx not splitting, 
and the plant hardy and robust. 
Pandora seems to be a new colour, beiDg of a rich 
salmon-red, the darker colour forming water lines, 
as it were, through the petals. A very pretty soft, 
but warm salmon is that named Cinnamon, the 
colour being attractive and not too common. The 
yellow ground Picotees in Mr. Gifford's collection 
are fairly numerous, and some of them extremely 
pretty. A cheerful and attractive flower was that 
named Dora, a light scarlet-edged variety. Mrs. 
Julian Storey is also a bold and handsome flower 
with a heavy red edge, and the colour running in 
lines and streaks down both surfaces of the petal. 
The other yellow grounds bad much more colour 
corresponding to what would be termed fancy varie¬ 
ties. That named Julian Ralph is bold and free, 
erect on stout stalks, and thickly lined with bright 
scarlet. Father Rigg is heavily lined with rich 
crimson from the margin inwards, and is a magnifi¬ 
cent variety. Atbara is another of the same colours, 
but the crimson markings are chiefly confined to the 
margin and centre of the petals. One of the prettiest 
of these fancies is Fantasy, a broad light purple- 
edged variety of beautiful form, and not liable to 
burst the calyx. It stood out very distinctly from 
all the rest. Very distinct in its way also was 
