October 29, 1898. 
THE GARDENING WORLD 
135 
leaved Pelargoniums, all of which are still amongst 
the most popular and indispensable of plants. There 
were also batches of Fuchsias, early flowering Chrys¬ 
anthemums, Cockscombs, Primula obconica, and 
Celosia pyramidalis cristata, the latter being in 
splendid condition and variety, making a handsome 
display. Eucalyptus Globulus finds favour here as 
in many a modern establishment. On the front of 
the staging Campanula isophylla alba was flowering 
most profusely. The behaviour of Lilium Harrisii 
was rather peculiar inasmuch as the same potful of 
bulbs (pot 7 in. diameter) was flowering for the fourth 
time in succession this season, the old stems merely 
being removed when getting unsightly. Lilium 
speciosum roseum, L. s. album, and L. s. rubrum also 
contributed their rich quota to the display of colour. 
Balsams had grown into large bushes. At one side 
of this house, close to the glass, a plantation of 
Tomato Austin’s Eclipse had borne most fruitfully all 
the summer, and still carried much fruit. 
In another part of the garden the pits were usefully 
occupied with large batches of Calceolarias, Cinerar¬ 
ias,and Chinese Primulas in qf in. pots. The latter had 
commenced to bloom, showing a good strain. Else¬ 
where were Pelargoniums, Chrysanthemum Mme. C. 
Desgranges, as well as the November favourites, 
Marguerites, in full bloom, and a late batch of Lilium 
auratum, only then in bud. 
--— 
Kitctien Garden Calendar. 
Week’s Work. 
An abundance of rain has now fallen to thoroughly 
moisten the ground where it was loose, so that both 
digging and planting can be proceeded with. Where 
not already done, no time should be lost in the 
planting of Onions, as these withstand the winter far 
better if the roots have taken a good hold of the soil 
before frost sets ia. And all other small plants, 
such as Lettuce, Cabbage, Parsley, Cauliflower, and 
Endive, should be got into their winter quarters 
without delay, as we may soon expect frost. 
Vegetables in frames, such as Peas and French 
Beans will now need special care. Peas, up to the 
present time, have withstood the weather well, and 
those having been afforded the protection of glass at 
night, with a free circulation of air, will be giving a 
fair supply of Peas. Care, however, will need to be 
taken in their management, or mildew will set in 
and destroy the whole lot. French Beans are much 
easier to grow under glass, for being natives of a 
warmer climate, fire-heat may be applied with 
advantage, whereas Peas resent this at any stage. 
Make a further sowing of French Beans to keep up 
a supply. At this time of the year it will be 
necessary to sow oftener, but in less quantity, as the 
flowers do not set so freely in the dull weather as 
they do when the days begin to lengthen. Those 
sown now would be just in b!o:m at the worst period 
of the year. 
Asparagus may now be lifted for forcing, as it 
forces so much more readily on a bed of fermenting 
material than it does by the aid of hot-water pipes ; 
leaves should be collected for mixing with stable 
litter, or for being employed alone in the making up 
of hot-beds. If good Oak, Beech, or Sweet Chestnut 
leaves can be procured, these are far more lasting 
than the softer kinds, such as Lime, Poplar, and 
Elm. Much care is needed in making up -beds for 
forcing Asparagus. The fermenting material should 
have been turned over several times, that the rank 
steam may have passed off. When made up, about 
4 in. of soil should be spread evenly over the sur¬ 
face, on which the roots ought to be thickly placed, 
and afterwards covered with 3 in. or 4 in. of finely 
sifted soil, which should be worked down amongst 
the roots. A gentle watering should then be 
given before the lights are put on. Many gardeners 
err in keeping the frame too close. Air should be 
freely admitted on all favourable occasions, as the 
growth is much strengthened thereby; it is also 
of far superior flavour to that which has been 
grown under less favourable conditions. 
Seakale. —After the first severe frost the foliage 
of this will have died off, so that the roots may be 
lifted ready for forcing. This vegetable is best 
grown in total darkness, and is best flavoured when 
the least fire-heat is employed in its production, but 
as it is not always possible to get early supplies 
without the aid of fire-heat, only sufficient should be 
given to maintain a steady growth. Make small 
sowings of Mustard and Cress in shallow pans, just 
sufficient at a time to keep up a supply. Blanch 
Lettuce and Endive by either lifting and putting the 
plants in a dark place, or by covering in the open.— 
Kitchen Gardener. 
. 
©leanings ftorn tlje DmtliJ 
of Science 
The undermentioned subjects were brought up at 
a meeting of the Scientific Committee of the Royal 
Horticultural Society on the nth inst. 
Pear Leaves Diseased.— With reference to 
some leaves sent since the last meeting, Prof. W. G. 
Smith reports as follows : — 
“ The Pear leaves with rusty spots are attacked 
by a Roestelia, one of the group of Uredineae. This 
fungus is one which completes its life history on two 
host-plants. The leaves submitted are those of one 
host—the Pear. They bear two distinct kinds of 
rusty spots or areas - viz., smooth areas in which the 
leaf tissue is almost normal, and swollen areas with 
the leaf tissue abnormally increased and full of 
starch. The smooth spots are studded on the upper 
surface with black points, the pycnidia or spermatia ; 
as a rule these were covered with a hardened film of 
wbat had been sticky masses of ejected conidia, 
generally blackened with smut or bearing saprophytic 
fungi. The swollen pustular areas also bore 
spermatia on the upper surface, and also partially 
developed aecidium cups embedded in the abnormally 
increased tissues of the lower half of the leaf. The 
imperfect development of the aecidia prevents me 
identifying the species of Roestelia exactly; it is 
probably R. cancellata. This fungus may also 
attack the fruit. The second host of this ' rust ’ is 
given as the Savin (Juniperus sabina), and it would 
be useful to know if this or an allied Juniperus occurs 
in this garden, also if they were perfectly healthy. 
The rust is a common source of trouble, especially a 
form which occurs on Apple trees. This latter is very 
injurious in the United States. American authorities 
advise removal of the second host, the Juniper, also 
destruction of badly diseased trees or branches. 
After these precautions are carried out Bordeaux 
mixture is said to give good results. It is used in 
two or three sprayings at intervals of eight to ten 
days, the first given as soon as the young foliage 
appears. It is also strongly urged to use varieties of 
Apples or Pears suited to resist the rust. These, of 
course, vary for different soils, and must be found 
out after making the necessary experiments in the 
locality where wanted ” 
Apple Diseased -This was received from Mr. 
A. H. PearsoD, Chilwell, Notts. Prof. Smith reports 
as follows :— 
“The Apple sent me shows a ‘ fruit rot. 1 The 
primary cause is a fungus (mycelium) present in all 
the discoloured areas, but I should like to see other 
specimens before saying definitely what is the species. 
Several fungi have the same action in discolouring and 
softening the fruit; most of them almost cause it to 
crack. When the flesh is exposed then the white and 
blue moulds present on your specimen make their 
appearance. They are common mould fungi 
(Penicillium glaucum and a Mucor, probably M. 
piriformis), and are not the cause of trouble, at least 
they have not yet been proved so by any one. The 
primary fungus is the one which has to be dealt with 
by remedies. The best preventive is probably 
Bordeaux mixture. It has been used in the United 
States, and results obtained appear satisfactory. 
The mixture is applied as a fine spray; the first 
application when the young foliage appears, the 
second after the fruit has set, the third two weeks 
later, and perhaps a fourth somewhat later. In your 
case, where the Apples are grown under glass, much 
might be done to hinder the progress of the fungus 
by free ventilation and dry air. The Apple sent 
seems to be a fine-skinned sort, hence it is all the 
more susceptible to fungus attack.” 
Apple with “Glassiness.”—The Apples received 
from Mr. J. Vert, The Gardens, Audley End, have 
a peculiar translucent appearance. This is due to 
water having penetrated the intercellular spaces 
instead of air. No fungus is present, but the cause 
of the transfusion of water is not known. It is said 
be highly esteemed in Italy. 
Dahlias Crossed by Sunflower)?).—Mr. Lowe 
forwarded blossoms having a true Dahlia appearance, 
which he believes to be raised from seeds of a parent 
the issue of the above cross. Nothing, however, 
excepting a rather large disc appeared to indicate a 
cross, The relationship between a Dahlia and a 
Helianthus being relatively remote, any a priori pro- 
bability of such a cross beiog effected is but slight. 
In experimenting it would be extremely difficult to 
prevent self-fertilisation, unless it be proved that the 
pollen is self-impotent in Dahlias. 
Potato Decayed.—Samples were received from 
Mr. Veitch having peculiar outgrowths, and being 
much decayed within. They were forwarded to 
Prof. W. G. Smith for further investigation. Mr. 
Veitch described the presence of the disease as 
follows:—“It was first detected early in August, 
before we had much hot weather, and this is the only 
garden in the neighbourhood so affected.” 
Cura for the Lily Disease.—Mr. Horace 
Byatt, of the Grammar School, Midhurst, Sussex, 
writes to say that he has found flowers of sulphur to 
be an excellent remedy for this troublesome fungus. 
“ In the autumn of 1896 I removed the sets of bulbs 
from the ground, and when they were somewhat dry 
I put them, a few at a time, into a large brown paper 
bag, in which was a supply of flowers of sulphur. 
They were then well shaken until the powder got 
thoroughly into the crevices, after which they were 
planted. Last season they showed a markt d improve¬ 
ment in the blossom heads, which were weakly, 
though almost free from disease, and now I have the 
pleasure of seeing them perfectly healthy, with fine 
green stems and leaves, promising goof blossoms, 
while the rest of the groups have not a single 
blossom.” 
Colours of Flowers and Drought. —Rev. W. 
Wilks made the following observations on the coloura¬ 
tion of flowers of the present season. Similar 
changes were recorded in “ Nature’’last year by 
Mr. Hughes-Gibbs, of Tarrant Gunville, Dorset;—■ 
“ All through the exceptionally hot weather of the 
end of July and August ail scarlet flowers had a tinge 
of dull brown in them, pink had a shade of orange, 
yellow was very yellow, white was creamy. This 
was very marked —eg , in Dahlias. Thus Fire King 
and Sunset, two ordinarily bright, clear scarlet 
flowers, had a distinct dull brown tint overlying and 
spoiling utterly the usual scarlet, so much so that 
haviDg been away from home the first three weeks of 
the heat, I thought on my return the Dahlias must 
have somehow got wrongly named. But now the 
weather is cooler the bright scarlet has come back, 
and the dull browny tint has gone, and all is as 
usual. The only colour the heat seemed (to me) to 
suit was the salmons, and they have been very fine 
and intense, having a sort of glow added to them.” 
West Indian Junipers —Dr. Masters showed 
specimens of a Juniper, native to Jamaica, which he 
had received through the kindness of Mr. W. 
Fawcett, the Government botanist of the island. 
This species had been referred to the J. bermuliana 
of Linnaeus, with which J. barbadensis of the same 
author is taken to be synonymous. On comparison 
the Jamaica Juniper is seen to agree very closely 
with J. virginiana, the so-called Red Cedar of the 
mainland of North America from Canada to Florida. 
This spec es furnishes the best “ cedar ” wood for 
pencils, and many forms of it are cultivated in 
English gardens. The resemblance of the Jamaica 
plant to the American is so close that Dr. Masters 
does not hesitate to include them both under the 
same name of J. virginiana. 
Dr. Masters also showed specimens and wood of 
the true Bermuda Juniper, received from A. Haycock, 
Esq. The history of this plant, which differs greatly 
from the preceding; has been cleared up by Mr. 
W. B. Hemsley, in the Gardeners’ Chronicle,” 
May 26th, 1883, p. 657. 
Tomatos with Bu ! biferous Stems— Mr. 
Wilks exhibited specimens of Tomato plants, grown 
against a wall, which bore small bulb-like pro¬ 
tuberances on the stem close to the insertion of 
leaves. From each proceeded a small leafy shoot. 
An anatomical examination showed that they were 
formed by an excessive growth of cortex and medulla, 
the fibro-vascular cylinder being somewhat enlarged 
as well. It was suggested that experiments should be 
made of growing the shoots from the bulb-like 
processes, to see if they would give rise to a perennial 
form. 
