446 
THE GARDENING WORLD 
March 11, 1899. 
munication was received from Mr. J. W. Odell, The 
Grove, Stanmore, together with photos of the tree 
described, and a large mass of aerial roots:— 
“ During the recent heavy gales considerable 
damage was done to one of the Cedars of Lebanon 
in Mrs. Brightwen's grounds here; a huge branch 
was torn from the parent trunk, and revealed a very 
curious growth of aerial roots. I forward to you 
with this letter photos showing the broken branch in 
two positions, and also a part of the very large 
growth of adventitious roots. You will observe on 
photo (marked A) a large scar, corresponding in size 
and shape to the base of the branch on photo 
marked B. The roots sent were growing from the 
edges of the contiguous portions of the trunk and 
broken branch, and grew downwards from this 
position towards the base of the tree, but had only 
penetrated so far as is indicated by a small branch 
at the base of the scar (seen on both photos). Both 
on the branch and on the scar left on the trunk the 
wood is very much splintered, and the roots were 
found not only in a large mass as sent, but also 
growing in between the splintered portions of the 
wood. The appearance of the fracture indicates, I 
think, some previous injury (perhaps by lightning), 
and as a consequence some moisture may have 
penetrated into the union between the trunk and the 
branch. I have once or twice before seen similar 
roots in broken pollarded Willows, but have never 
observed the formation of such adventitious roots in 
a Conifer, and thought perhaps it would have some 
little interest for your Committee of the R.H.S.” 
THE COLOURS OF INSECTS. 
A lecture upon the significance of the colours dis¬ 
played by insects, illustrated by lantern slides, was 
given to the Fellows of the Royal Horticultural 
Society on February 28th, by Mr. H. S. Blake. Sir 
John Llewelyn occupied the chair. 
The lecturer divided his subject into seven parts, 
viz. (1) the uses and meanings of colour in insects; 
(2 & 3J protective and aggressive resemblance ; (4 & 
5) protective and aggressive mimicry; (6) warning 
colours; and (7) the combination of defensive powers 
to be observed in some insects. 
Colours in insects were developed to enable them 
to escape observation (protective), or to enable them 
to approach their prey (aggressive). Illustrations 
were given of protective mimicry in some of the loop 
caterpillars on the Currant bush, when they feigned 
a resemblance to a twig of the bush they were feed¬ 
ing upon. The Early Thorn Moth Caterpillar also did 
this, and had developed a colour that harmonised 
marvellously well with its surroundings. It was 
manifest that these caterpillars could not hold them¬ 
selves in the position of rigidity required to resemble 
the twig, and thus throw their enemies off the scent, by 
reason of their hind claspers alone, and, therefore, they 
spun a fine web, of which one end was passed round 
a neighbouring twig, and the other passed round their 
head. They were thus able to support themselves in 
a rigid condition for protracted periods. Slides were 
shown of spiders, imitating with wonderful success a 
knot on a tree, whilst the South American Walking 
Leaf Spider and Walking Leaf Beetle were so called 
because of the resemblance they bore to leaves upon 
certain trees, both colour and outline of the veins 
being reproduced with remarkable exactness. 
An Asiatic lizard was shown as an instance of 
aggressive resemblance. This lizard not only had a 
body of the same colour as the sand in which it 
dwelt, but in order to catch insects it had developed 
a counterfeit presentment at each side of its mouth 
of certain red flowers which grew in this sand, and 
which the insects of which it was in search were 
very fond of visiting. 
Protective mimicry was displayed by the Gold 
Tailed Moth, which escaped its enemies by imitating 
the appearance of the Satin Moth, an insect which 
was peculiarly distasteful to these particular preda¬ 
tors. Under the heading of warning colours, the 
lecturer spoke of insects which, like the caterpillar of 
the Gooseberry Moth, were conspicuously coloured, 
thereby making their presence more easily observed 
Some insects had several methods of evading their 
enemies. Thus the Puss Moth, which laid its eggs 
upon Willow trees, would, if startled, defend itself by 
assuming a terrifying attitude, and the representa¬ 
tions of this that were given upon the screen were 
certainly terrifying enough. It also had the power 
of ejecting poison, and it often had to employ this 
device in keeping at bay its arch enemy, the ichneu¬ 
mon fly. 
A vole of thanks to the lecturer concluded the 
proceedings. 
Questions add AnstoeRS. 
Will our friends who send us newspapers be so good 
as to mark the paragraphs or articles they wish us to see. 
We shall be greatly obliged bv their so doing. 
Yew, Ivy and Rhododendrons.— Alex. Duncan : 
Many reports are made from time to time that the 
foliage of the Yew is poisonous to cattle, but more 
particularly horses. As the Yew is so frequently 
planted about private and other establishments to 
which cattle and horses have access without ill results, 
it is gaining credence that the most danger arises 
from Yew twigs and foliage in a dried or half dried 
state, as in the case of the prunings of Yew hedges after 
they have lain for a day or two. They should, there¬ 
fore, be all swept up immediately, and wheeled away 
to a heap to which cattle and horses have no access. 
They should, in fact, be burned along with prunings 
and other waste wood generally. Several of the 
Rhododendrons are looked upon with suspicion. R. 
ponticum is said to produce honey that is poisonous 
to human beings. Goats are said to die after eating 
the leaves of the Himalayan R. cinnabarinum ; and 
when the wood is used as fuel by the natives it pro¬ 
duces swelling of the face and inflammation of the 
eyes. In Siberia R. chrysanthum is used medicinally 
as a narcotic. We have never seen cattle eating Ivy- 
leaves and should not think they would be much 
inclined to do so. Even here, however, it is always 
best to err on the safe side of not letting the cattle 
have access to Ivy. Deer are said to eat the leaves 
and berries of Ivy with impunity ; and rabbits cer¬ 
tainly bark the stems, so that it cannot be very 
poisonous unless consumed in large quantities at 
least. 
Marvel of Peru.— A. J.: The best way in the 
first instance is to get a packet of mixed seeds and 
sow them at once in heat. Soon after the large 
seed leaves are well developed, you can prick them 
off in boxes, in lines 2 in. apart each way, and grow 
the seedlings as you would Stocks, Astors or Dahlias. 
After they have made a good start less heat would 
be an advantage, but you should stand the box or 
boxes near the glass to prevent them getting unduly 
drawn in any way. Harden off the plants in cool 
frames by and by as the weather gets warmer. At 
the end of May or beginning of June, according to 
the state of the weather, you may plant them in beds 
or borders where they are to bloom. They are liable 
to injury from frost, so that you will have to be care¬ 
ful as to the time you plant them in the open; 
otherwise the plants are vigorous, and in no way 
delicate. Use a light compost, as the rootstock is 
tuberous, and the plant slightly succulent in charac¬ 
ter. When the foliage gets cut in autumn, you can 
lift the tubers and pot up a sufficient number of them 
in sandy soil to be kept rather dry, and out of the 
reach of frost in winter. If you have insufficient 
space to store them you could raise plants from seeds 
again. 
Plants for a Doable Hedge — T. H .: We do not 
see that you can improve upon White Thorn and 
Beech in forming a hedge to act as a fence. The 
White Thorn may form the row on that side to which 
the cattle have access, while the Beech forms the 
other. The two trees should not be mixed, but 
planted in rows within a foot of each other. In the rows 
the trees should not be more than 6 in. apart. In a 
few years these two trees will form a thick and im¬ 
penetrable hedge, which should be regularly trimmed 
annually about the end of summer which will help it 
to develop twigs so as to completely fill up all space 
and form an unbroken face. Weeds will have to be 
kept down for a number of years till the hedge has 
well taken possession of the ground. 
Names of Plants.— W. H., Manchester : The Cor¬ 
nelian Cherry (Cornus mas.).— J. Luck: Scilla bi¬ 
folia.— Alex. Duncan : A rather dense habited form 
of the common Yew, but it does not seem to differ 
sufficiently from Taxus baccata to merit a varietal 
name.— A.B.: 1, Dendrobium crassinode; 2, Odon- 
toglossum odoratum; 3, Odontoglossum crispum 
andersonianum — D. C. : 1, Narcissus triandrus; 2, 
Vinca major variegala; 3, Saxifrage sancta ; 4, Saxi- 
fraga ligulata; 5, Crocus verna var.— W.M.: i, 
Berberis Aquifolium; 2, Crocus susianus; 3, Eupa- 
torium riparium; 4, Nephrodium decompositum 
glabellum. 
Communications Received. —B.Lockwood.—T.S. 
Ware, Ltd.—Gamma.—W. H. W.—W. P. R.—J. 
Mayne.—A. C.—R. M.—T. B.—A. J — J. T. O.—M. 
—H. C.—Corbie.—W.—L. S. E.—Cyclamen.—Geo. 
R. 
TRADE CATALOGUES RECEIVED. 
Nathan Smith & Son, Adrian, Michigan, U.S.A.— 
Novelties for 1899. 
James Veitch & Sons, Ltd., Chelsea.—Genuine 
Grass and Farm Seeds. 
Thos. S. Ware, Ltd., Hale Farm Nurseries, 
Tottenham, London. — Herbaceous and Alpine 
Plants, Carnations, Climbers, &c. 
W. Atlee, Burpee & Co., Nos. 475 and 477, N. 
Fifth Street, Philadelphia. — Blue List—Burpee’s 
Seeds that Grow. 
William Watt Seed Merchant and Nurseryman, 
Cupar and Perth.—Farm Seed List. 
H. Cannell & Sons, Swanley, Kent. — Illustrated 
and Complete Floral Guide of Plants. 
COVENT GARDEN MARKET. 
March 8th, 1899. 
Fsoit,—Average Wholesale Peicii 
s. d. 1. d. 
Apples ...per bushel 2 6 80 
Cobs . 00 00 
Grapes, per ib. 20 29 
Pine-apples 
—St. Mlohael’s each 26 7 6 
Strawberries per lb. 8 o 12 0 
Black Currants, per 
half sieve 00 00 
s. d. s. d. 
Red Currants, per 00 00 
half sieve 
Cherries, per half 
sieve 00 00 
Raspberries,per cwt. 00 00 
Ripe Gooseberries, 
per halt sieve 00 00 
Vegetaeles.—Average Wholesale Peices 
1. d. 1. d. 
ArtlchokesGIobedoz. 20 40 
Asparagus,per bundle 30 80 
Beans, French, per 
per lb. 0916 
Beet.. par dozen 1 0 
Brussels Sprouts 
per half sieve 10 t 6 
Cabbages ... per doz. 10 13 
Carrots ... per bnncb 0 3 
Cauliflowers.doz. 20 30 
Celery.per bundle 10 16 
Cucumbers per doz. 26 36 
Endive, French, doz. 16 20 
s. d. s. d. 
Herbs .per bunch 02 00 
Horse Radish, bundle 10 20 
Lettuces ...per dozen 13 16 
Mushrooms, p. basket 10 16 
Onions.per bunch 04 06 
Parsley ... per bunch 0 3 
Radishes... per dozen 1 0 18 
Seakale...per basket 16 20 
Small salad, punnet 0 4 
Spinach per bushel 20 30 
Tomatos...... per lb. 0 6 10 
Turnips ....per bun. 0 3 
Cut Flowers.—Avesaqe Wholesale Peices 
1. d. 1. < I. 
Anemones, doz. bun. 13 20 
AruoiS, is omoms ... 2 0 4 0 
Azalea, White, dozen 
bunches 2040 
Camellias, doz. blms. 16 20 
Carnations doz.blms. 16 20 
Daffodils, double, doz. 
bun. 30 50 
,, single, doz. bun. 8 0 10 0 
Euoharis ...per doz 26 30 
Gardenias per doz ... 6 0 10 0 
Hyacinths, Roman, 
per doz. bnnches ; 0 60 
Lllinm Harrisli, per 
doz blooms 70 90 
„ longiflorum, 
per doz.blms. 60 80 
Lily of the Valley, doz. 
bunches 4 o 10 o 
MaidenhalrFern,iabs.6 090 
Plants in Pots.—Aver 
s. d. s. d. 
Adiantums, per doz. 4 o 12 o 
Aspidistra, doz. 12 0 30 o 
„ speoimeD, each 5 0 15 0 
Dtaoaenas, each . 10 26 
„ various,per doz. 12 0 24 o 
Ericas, per doz. 12 o 21 0 
Evergreen shrubs, In 
variety, per doz. 6 0 a 0 
Ferns,small, per doz. 40 60 
„ various per doz, 5 0 12 0 
Ficus elastica, each 10 40 
s. d. s. 
Mprgnerltes, white, 
per doz. bunches 30 50 
Narciss, Paper-White 
per doz. bunches 16 20 
Orchids 
Cattleya, 12 blms. 10 0 12 0 
Odontoglossum 
crispum, per 12 
blooms. 40 60 
Pelargoniums, double 
rcarlet.per doz.bun. 60 So 
Roses. Tea, per doz. 16 20 
„ yellow (Perles), 
per dozen ...10 20 
,, pink, per dozen 40 60 
,, white, per doz. 20 30 
,, Safrano, doz. 10 20 
Tuberoses, dot blm9. 09 10 
Violets, per doz. bun. 06 10 
„ Parma, bunch 20 30 
as Wholssalb Prices. 
3. d, 1, d, 
Foliage Plants, per 
doz. 12 0 3 0 
Heaths, per dozen .. 9 0 12 o 
Hyacinths,Rom.,doz. 12 0 30 0 
Liliums, various, 
per doz. 12 0 30 0 
Marguerites, per doz. 8 0 10 0 
Palms, various, each 2 0 10 0 
,, Specimen,each 10 6 84 0 
Primulas, per doz. ... 4 0 60 
Solanums, per doz.... 40 60 
INDS1X TO ADVERTISEMENTS. 
Auction Sales. 
Protheroe & Morris ..434 
Catalogues. 
Barr & Sons .433 
Bunyard & Co .433 
Dicksons, Ltd.435 
Dobbie & Co. ....433 
Drummonds, Ltd.433 
J. Forbes .434 
Kelway & Son .433 
J. Lalng & Sons .433 
J. Peed & Sons.435 
R. Smith & Co.435 
Toogood &Sons .435 
Louis Van Houtte .436 
T. S. Ware, Ltd.436 
Webb & Sons .436 
Chrysanthemums. 
H. J. Jones.436 
C. E. & F. W. Lilley.433 
R. Owen.433 
Florists’ Flowers. 
J, Douglas. 433 
F. Gifford .435 
W. B. Hartland .433 
Kelway & Son .433 
J. Lalng & Sons .433 
J. Peed & Sons.435 
C. E. & F. W. Lilley.433 
Walsbaw & Sons .433 
J. Wells .433 
Flower PotB. 
Sankey & Sons, Ltd.447 
S. Scraton . 435 
Fruit Trees. 
G. Bunyard & Co .433 
R. Smith & Co.433 
Fungicides. 
Corry & Co.433 
W. Wood & Son, Ltd. ...448 
Carden Sundries, &c. 
J. Arnold.433 
Dicksons.435 
Eveson’s Coal.434 
Hirst, Brooke & Hirst. ...433 
Jadoo, Ltd.435 
Phillips & Co., Ltd.434 
Porter's Stakes .433 
A. Potter. 447 
Reddaway’s Hose .447 
Rigby, Wainwrlght& Co. 433 
H. G. Smyth.434 
Summer Cloud.435 
W. Wood & Son .448 
Hardy Plants. 
Hood Gardens.435 
Percival .433 
Kelway & Son.433 
Heating Apparatus. 
Richardson & Co.433 
Thames Bank Iron Co,,,,433 
Horticultural Builders. 
T. Boyd & Sons.433 
W. Cooper, Ltd.447 
J.Gray. 433 
W. Rlohardson & Co. ...433 
J. Weeks & Co., Ltd.433 
Insecticides. 
Corry & Co.433 
G. H. Richards.434 
W. Wood & Son, Ltd. ...448 
Lawn Mowers. 
Ransomes, Sims & Jet- 
feries, Ltd.435 
Manures. 
Canary Guano.434 
Chemical Union.433 
Clay & Son. 43s 
W. Colchester. 433 
Native Guano .447 
W. Thomson & Sons.435 
Webbs’ . 447 
W. Wood & Sen, Ltd. ...448 
Miscellaneous. 
Cadbury’s Cocoa.448 
Epp's Cocoa. 447 
Juno Cycles . 447 
Orchids. 
J. Cyphet . 43 ® 
Hush Low & Co.436 
P.McArthur .436 
J. W. Moore, Ltd.435 
F. Sander & Co.433 
Stanley-Mobbs & Ashton433 
Publications. 
Agricultural Economist 435 
Gardening World .448 
Ogilvie. 434 
J. S. Virtue & Co.434 
Roses 
F. Cant & Co.436 
C. E. & F. W. Lilley.433 
R. Smith & Co.435 
J. Walters .436 
Walshaw & Sons .433 
Seeds. 
Barr& Sons. 43 ® 
Brindworth & Sons .435 
Dicksons. 435 
W. Drummond & Sons, 
Ltd. 433 
W. B. Hartland .433 
Render & Sons .436 
Sir James W. Mackey, 
Ltd. 43 ® 
F. Roemer. 433 
Rudland. 435 
R. Smith & Co. 435 
Sutton & Sons. 437 
R. Sydenham . 433 
T.S. Ware,Ltd. 43 ® 
Webb & Sons . 43 ® 
Young & Co. 433 
Vegetable Roots. 
Laxton Bros. 433 
R. Smith & Co. 435 
Weed Killers. 
Acme Chemical Qo, ..,.,,433 
